Marital Rape - Free Essay Example

Introduction Accusing a husband as a criminal responsible for the rape of his wife is one of the difficult feminist battles in the world. When the word rape is mentioned, people tend to think of the offender as a stranger or malicious person. Often none tend to view rape in the marriage context. Essentially, even the women themselves find it impossible for a husband to rape his wife. The legal definition of rape is sex done without consent. However, with the natural and legal expectation of compulsory sex in marriage, it has been difficult to accept that indeed marital rape is possible (Gavey, 2013). Actually, in the eighteenth and seventeenth centuries, some jurisdictions viewed marital rape as an impossible scenario (Horvath Brown, 2013). This was based on the argument that if during the contract of matrimonial the wife consented, then when it comes to sex she should not withdraw the consent given that sex is a hidden term of the marital contract (Horvath Brown, 2013). Studies show that many of the marital rape victims are reluctant in reporting the crime to the police; perhaps because they do not understand whether it is a crime, other victims think people will not understand or believe them while others fear that their marriage will fall apart (Malinowski, 2015). In th is regard, the paper seeks at explaining the sociological aspect of the marital rape by looking into how the social institutions such as courts, police, and families act in promotion of the vice. Marital rape is referred to as any sexual act by a spouse committed against or without the consent of the other partner, obtained through the use of force, intimidation, threat or in a condition that the other partner is unable to consent(Gavey, 2013). These acts involve any sexual acts that are humiliating, demeaning, redundant and painful. Marital rape is also referred to as wife rape or conjugal rape (Gavey, 2013). Marital rape affects millions of people all over the world thus resulting in social problems that are considerable. Studies show that in the United States of America at least one person is assaulted sexually in every two minutes, with statistics showing that women are the most affected victims of rape (Horvath Brown, 2013). Unfortunately, the numbers of marital rape cases are often incorrect given the fact that it is one of the least reported crimes in the United States. Apparently, it is estimated that in every 6 minutes a female is raped in the United States (Horvath Brown, 2013). About 85% of the rape cases reported was committed by an intimate partner (Malinowski, 2015). Statistics show that out of eight adult women that are a victim of rape in the United States, only 15% report the rape case to the police and only 3% of the women who are victims of the individuals they are familiar with reported the case to the police (Malinowski, 2015). About 30% of the sexual assaults reported by the adult women are committed by their husbands, boyfriends or ex-husbands (Malinowski, 2015). Families’ norms and beliefs are the main reason as to why the marital rape cases still exist in the society. The families continue to believe that once a woman gets married, she becomes a property of her husband. In consequence, the males are regarded to be superior over females and hence have all the rights over the females’ life (Lindsey, 2015). For the society to overcome marital rape situation, they must first condemn this mindset that takes away the women dignity in the society (Lindsey, 2015). Around the year 1970, the women’s movement succeeded in changing the rape myths through the creation of programs pertaining rape awareness (Malinowski, 2015). Additionally, the women managed to frame rape as a violent. Conversely, rape myths still persist even in the recent years. For example, in the years 2002, Basile argued that the majority of the United States citizens have embraced the rape myth (Horvath Brown, 2013). Marital rape is therefore still viewed as a lesser crime with less physical and emotional damage than other crimes. The strong believe in families that a woman must remain married and if not so she becomes a disgrace to the family is another contributor to marital rape (Malinowski, 2015). Some of the families go to the extent of encouraging their daughter to remain married even if she faces both physical and sexual violence so as not to put the family to shame. In this case, the well-being of the daughter is not a priority. Others marry their daughters to rich men regardless of their behaviors, in return the daughters end up in marriages full of both sexual and physical violence and assaults. Other women depend on their husbands for financial support and hence, they opt to endure the sexual assaults from their husbands rather than losing the financial support (Malinowski, 2015). In the society, a woman is viewed as a homemaker and therefore she is expected to do all it takes to build her marriage. In consequence, many of the families do not recognize marital rape as a crime; actually, they view marital rape condemnation as a weapon to enhance marriage destruction (Bellack et al., 2013). A woman is thus required to endure the violence from her husband so as not to break the marriage. If in any case, a woman reports that she has been raped by her husband, the society will first point figures on her. Other people will blame the wife for failing to be a good wife while others will blame her for being the source of the rape by denying the husband his conjugal rights (Lindsey, 2015). Even before a woman gets married, she is exposed to an environment that humiliates the wife and uses a wife as a sex object. Thus, after marriage, the wife is already aware that she has no power over marital rape. In many instances, the wife finds it difficult to explain how the marit al rape happened. After marriage, it is indicated that a woman has no authority over her own body and becomes a subject to her husband (Lindsey, 2015). How then will one accuse a husband of rape if he was demanding for his conjugal right? Although different people have different attitudes toward rape in relation to the situation surrounding the rape, the majority of the people’s attitudes are related to the gender patriarchal and stereotypes which are anchored in controlling the body of the females in every aspect (Malinowski, 2015). The threat that comes with sexual violence is used in terrorizing the women as well as reinforcing the patriarchal description of the place of women in the society (Bellack et al., 2013). Moreover, the theory of sex-role socialization explains the interaction of spouse in marriage regarding sexual life. According to this theory, women are supposed to be composed, passive and submissive in their marriage while the men are supposed to be antagonistic and dominant. Thus, the marital rape is taken as an expression of the traditional perception of sex roles. Apparently, marital rape is one of the circumstances in which the male dominance on female remains unsettled (Malinowski, 2015). The judicial system also has been accused of contributing to the silence of the marital rape victims. This is because the marital rape cases have been indicated to be having the lowest rate of conviction as related to other violent crimes (Horvath Brown, 2013). Besides, the relationship between the offender and the victim also contribute mainly on whether the victim will report the rape or not. Even though much of attention is focused on the acquaintance rape in the arenas of research and clinical, the marital rape issues have been overlooked more often.   Studies reveal that at least 10% women who are married in the United States get raped by their own husbands (Horvath Brown, 2013). However, the existence of husband exemptions on marital rape indicates that marital rape is still viewed as a lesser crime than all another form of sexual assaults. Marital rape became a crime in the year 1993 in all 50 states of America (Horvath Brown, 2013). The law enhanced some changes in the rape laws that existed there before and recognized the marital rape as a criminal act. In 2006, the Violence Against Women Act 2005 was passed into law (Horvath Brown, 2013). However, 30 states still give some exemptions to the husbands accused of marital rape (Horvath Brown, 2013). The act of using the relationship status in determining whether or not a crime has occurred shows how the attitudes of the people toward rape differ relative to the relationship between the victim and offender. Studies show that the society uses marital rape exceptions to strengthen the male dominance in the society (Horvath Brown, 2013). In addition, the Social Construction Theory indicates that the political arenas, as well as the lawmaking bodies, are dominated by males. Hence, the majority of the national laws reflect the men’s interests since the olden days. In this case, the marital rape law is believed to be a means in which the male attempt to affirm themselves over the women (Malinowski, 2015).The notion of marital exemption is a social view that argues that a husband cannot be accused of committed rape to her wife. The ancient common law jurisdiction understood marriage as an institution where a husband controls all aspect of his wife’s life including her body. This jurisdiction also named adultery as an invasion of another man’s property. With this, a woman is taken as a property of man and therefore both marital rape and adultery were treated as a crime against husband’s rights (Horvath Brown, 2013). There exist three types of marital rape which are much known to the larger society.   The first one is the battering rape where the women are exposed to both sexual and physical violence. Some women are beaten-up all through the sexual, violent act while others may get raped after an incidence of physical brutal where the husband tries to make up by having sex with the wife. Majority of the marital rape cases fall under the battering rape category (Gavey, 2013). The second type of marital rape is the obsessive rape where the men use sex to assault women (Gavey, 2013). This kind of marital sex is becoming more popular as the days pass mainly through the pornography videos (Bellack et al., 2013). The third form of marital rape is force only rape. In this category, husband uses the amount of force only needed to coerce the wife. The husband may not use battering at the start, but if the wife refuses the sexual intercourse, then the husbands use assault (Gavey, 2013). Researchers have indicated that today’s pornography has become far more extreme and awful than some decades ago. Researchers pointed out that about 90% of the pornographic scenes involve physical violence toward the women, for instance, hair pulling, spanking, bondage, slapping and choking (Bellack et al., 2013). Also, there is the case in which men forcefully put their penis down the throat of the women to the extent of choking and vomiting. Besides, in other cases, the men put their penis in the anus of the women and after placing it in the women’s mouth to experience their own excrement. These aggressions have become more fashionable to the young men of age between 18-25 years in the society, thus changing their attitude toward sex in marriage (Bellack et al., 2013). Research shows that with the increase in pornographic viewing there is a relative increase in rape cases, marital rapes, rape myths acceptance as well as in the reduction of empathy and sympathy toward t he sexual violence victim. Furthermore, research pointed out that the men who associate themselves with watching pornographic materials are more prone to committing sexual violence than the ones who don’t (Bellack et al., 2013). All forms of marital rape have negative effects, both mental and physical, on the well-being of the women. For instance, the women may get injuries, torn muscles, laceration, bruising and soreness in their private organs. Other victims may suffer from black eyes, broken bones, bladder infections, stillbirths, infertility, and miscarriage or even get infected with sexually transmitted diseases like HIV (Gavey, 2013). In addition, victims of marital rape are more likely to suffer some extreme psychological illness such as depression, anxiety, intense fear, post-traumatic stress, low self-esteem, distrust in relationships, shock as well as suicidal ideation (Horvath Brown, 2013).In fact, marital rape is more traumatizing than any other rape since a husband commits it and the wife is expected to live with her attacker even with the fear of other attacks. This is different from other rapes where the offender is a stranger (Gavey, 2013). It is high time that the society acknowledges the concept of rape as rape despite the relationship between the offender and victim (Horvath Brown, 2013). All the societal institution should come together and put up measures that would help in treating marital rape as any other rape crime. Visibly, marriage is a continuous journey, and it is expected for people to have sex after marriage. But if a husband finds out that his wife is using sex as a tool in marriage he should involve a counselor. If the situation gets too serious and uncontrollable, then divorce might be a more suitable response to the situation rather than rape (Horvath Brown, 2013). Although marital rape is one of the most common sexual assault in the society today, it is normally overlooked and hidden in the marriage curtains.   Many of the social practices as well as legal aspects have encouraged male dominance and denied the women their bodily integrity thus violating the female’s human right. The society has encouraged the marital rape by supporting men in blaming the wives of denying their husbands conjugal rights. For marital rape to be eliminated the legal together with the family system must treat it as a crime. Furthermore, the women must come out of the societal beliefs and fight for their justice.

The Philippines Drug Policy - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 1953 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/07/31 Category Law Essay Level High school Tags: War On Drugs Essay Did you like this example? I know [Elvin] was sleeping, because it was 3:30 a.m. It was very quiet, like a twilight zone. The police entered my house†no knocking or anything. I asked, ?Why are you there? They didnt respond. I said, Sir, please! Sir, stop! Sir, please! Each time, I heard a shot. Sir, please! Shot. Sir, stop! Shot. It was six [gunshots] in total. They say my son shot them. No. They say my son ran. No. (If You Are Poor, You Are Killed 22). On June 30, 2016, Rodrigo Duterte assumed office as the new President of the Philippines. This day would forever change the lives of many of the Philippines most vulnerable citizens: the poor and those addicted to drugs. The new president was elected by winning 39% of the popular vote. His biggest campaign promise? His commitment to free the country of ?undesirables; namely drug dealers and drug users. To achieve this goal, he initiated a domestic drug policy more commonly known as the Philippine Drug War. Since this policy was enacted, more than 12,000 Filipino citizens have been killed either by police forces or other citizens in extrajudicial killings (Palatino). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Philippines Drug Policy" essay for you Create order Police operate with raids and are known to knock on the door of suspects and kill them on sight. The quote above is merely one example of a recount of police violence in a Filipino citizens home. The Filipino public are urged by the government to fight against their neighbors thought to be involved with drugs, either reporting them to the police or killing them themselves. The problem is growing with more and more Filipinos victimized by the government every day. At the heart of the Philippine drug war lies the ?Oplan Tokhang project or ?Knock and Plead Operation Plan (If You Are Poor, You Are Killed 19). A major aspect of this project is a list compiled by police and community members of all the suspected drug dealers and users in a particular community. This list is then submitted to municipal and police authorities. Police officers in these communities often identify users or dealers based on personal knowledge or opinion, not evidence (If You Are Poor, You Are Killed 20). The police officers then use these lists to target houses where they will knock on the doors and demand that a person surrender to the police. The families of those targeted identify two potential responses from the drug user. They can either refuse to surrender, and potentially face death, or they can surrender in which they must ?voluntarily provide information, fingerprints, photographs, accept surveillance and drug testing, and pledge that they will no longer use drugs (If You Are Poor, You Are Killed 20). Upon submitting all of this information, many drug users and dealers face aggression later from the police and the greater community. Police commonly kill citizens suspected of drug use in what are known as ?buy and bust operations. The police attempt to buy drugs from drug dealers and then supposedly kill the dealers in self defense. The use of force in self defense is extremely disputed because many of the dealers are known to not own weapons, and police are rarely injured or killed in these operations (If You Are Poor, You Are Killed 24). Additionally, many deaths labelled as ?buy and bust are actually police entering the homes of suspected dealers or users and killing them or simply killing them on the street. Even with witnesses, the police have the protection of the government, and are not being prosecuted. The president has addressed police officers saying: Do your duty,If in the process you kill 1,000 persons because you were doing your duty I will protect you, and if they will try to impeach me, I will hurry up the process and we go out of the service together (Worley). By saying this, President D uterte is essentially encouraging police officers to kill suspected drug users legally or illegally. Police are not the only ones killing citizens for drug use. President Duterte has encouraged the public numerous times to take matters into their own hands. In a campaign speech in a Manila slum, Duterte said to the public: If you know of any addicts, go ahead and kill them yourself as getting their parents to do it would be too painful (Worley). Masked gunmen are known to show up and shoot people previously identified as drug dealers from the watch list. Several of these gunmen anonymously reported to Amnesty International investigators that they were oftentimes paid by police officers for their work. The masked killers said The rate dependsIt depends by the person. Usually we dont have multiple targets per project, but [when we do], were paid per head (If You Are Poor, You Are Killed 37). The police are paying assassins to kill drug users, and there is rarely any legal action taken against the killers. These extrajudicial killings are rampant and are occurring with consent from the government at large. A country that has demonstrated an overarching compliance with drug culture would be the Netherlands. The Netherlands openly tolerates the recreational usage and possession of non-medicinal drugs in its borders (Drugs). The Dutch view a drug free society as fundamentally unattainable and believe that their drug policy should instead focus on minimizing harm from drug use. Although drugs are not technically legal in the Netherlands; the law is not enforced in many scenarios. In order to enact the drug policy in the Netherlands, the government first published the Opium Act, which distinguished between two different categories of drugs. The first, labeled ?hard drugs encompasses drugs with a high risk for harm including heroin, cocaine, amphetamines, and ecstasy. The other category, labeled ?soft drugs includes marijuana, hash, sleeping pills, and various types of sedatives (Drugs). The use and sale of hard drugs are harshly regulated by the Dutch government. It would be considered highly illegal to sell cocaine or heroin in the Netherlands. The usage and sale of soft drugs however, is ?tolerated. The Netherlands has operated under a policy of non-enforcement when it comes to the possession and sale of soft drugs. Coffee shops in the Netherlands are permitted to sell cannabis to adult Dutch citizens (Rolles). The Netherlands has enacted this policy in order to distinguish the use of drugs not identified as harms to society from drugs that can cause serious harm. Possession and sale of soft drugs is not prosecuted because they are not associated with a high risk to health (Drugs). The success of this policy is outlined with a variety of statistics. The rates of cannabis usage in the Netherlands is lower than in neighboring countries and is significantly lower than in the United States. The rates of lifetime heroin usage in the Netherlands is 1/3 that of in the United States (Rolles). In the United States, both cannabis and heroin usage are prosecuted severely by the law in most states. These statistics show an interesting correlation between the open toleration of certain drugs and their usage. Additionally, only 14% of cannabis users say they could obtain other drugs from their cannabis source as opposed to 52% in neighboring Sweden (Rolles). This statistic in particular indicates the way in which the Opium Act has benefitted the country. The government wanted to separate the sale of ?hard drugs from the sale of ?soft drugs, making it much more difficult to find hard drugs in places where soft drugs are easily accessed. Although the Netherlands drug policy is extremely different from the Philippines, I believe that the Filipino government could take some aspects of the Netherlands policy in distinguishing between the use of drugs associated with harm and the use of drugs not associated with harm. Because Dutertes campaign focuses so much on how drugs are a harm to society, it would be beneficial to scientifically and socially identify which drugs are actually causing a public nuisance and which drugs are solely providing the user with a personal high. The separation of drugs by type could provide Dutertes administration with a more comprehensive understanding of their true affect on society. Additionally, the general concept of toleration for others could ensure that citizens are not getting murdered by the government for having an addiction. Amnesty International, a globally influential non-governmental organization focused on human rights launched an investigation into the Philippines War on Drugs in January of 2017. They interviewed many families of victims, police officers, and low level members of the presidential administration. Following the investigation, the organization expressed deeply held concern with the killings, and identifies them as potential crimes against humanity (If You Are Poor, You Are Killed 62). The organization offered several recommendations to a variety of leaders in the Philippines and abroad. To President Duterte, they suggest he immediately order an end to all police operations involving unnecessary or excessive use of force, in particular the use of lethal force during the arrest of suspected drug offenders (If You Are Poor, You Are Killed 62). This suggestion would require the police to avoid using excessive force when dealing with criminals and would also encourage the legal system to fairly and justly prosecute police involved in arrests involving injury and death. The organization also calls on him to end the use of any language that calls for or excuses violence against alleged drug offendersand recant previous use of such language (If You Are Poor, You Are Killed 62). I believe this suggestion would have particular impact on the situation in the Philippines. The President of a nation acts as their spokesperson, and a role model for its citizens. When the President is verbally encouraging something as heinous as murder, it makes it seems as though murder is a socially acceptable activity if the result is supposedly reduced crime. Dutertes withdrawal of his previous statements could prove influential in changing the mindset of many Filipino citizens. Amnesty International additionally offered recommendations to the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court. The organization states that Unless key steps recommended here are promptly taken, initiate a preliminary examination into unlawful killings in the Philippines violent anti-drug campaign and related crimes under the Rome Statute, including the involvement of government officials, irrespective of rank and status (If You Are Poor, You Are Killed 66). The Rome Statute was the statute that established the International Criminal Court. It established four international crimes: crimes against humanity, genocide, war crimes, and the crime of aggression. Under this statute, the court can investigate and prosecute crimes in which the government of a country is non complicit in an investigation (Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court). Encouraging the International Criminal Court to investigate the killings in the Philippines would incite a global reaction to the crimes. In February of 2018, the International Criminal Court did in fact launch an investigation into the situation. Chief Prosecutor of the Court, Fatou Bensouda declared any person in the Philippines who incites or engages in acts of mass violence including by ordering, requesting, encouraging or contributing, in any other manner, to the commission of crimes within the jurisdiction of the ICC is potentially liable to prosecution before the Court (Santos). In response to this, Duterte continues to deny that he has any role in condoning the killings. Today, many police officers and members of Dutertes government continue to avoid prosecution for the crimes committed against Filipino citizens. Instead of being admitted into drug addiction therapy, people are being murdered for using or selling drugs. This policy is harming families and communities around the Philippines. The lack of concern for the wellbeing of some of the most vulnerable members of the Filipino society from the government is extremely harrowing. Hopefully one day the greater international community can figure out a way to stop these atrocities from continuing to occur.

Mental Illness And Its Effects On Society Essay - 1475 Words

While researching different media outlets that portrayed mental illness in their articles, there were some that continuously popped up in my searches. For example, CTV News and CBC News were two of many sources that contained the articles regarding an Ottawa man who was found not criminally responsible (NCR) last Thursday after he attacked a stranger with a hammer. At the time of the attack, Weber was on his way back to a transitional group home. He d been released from the Royal Ottawa Mental Health Centre less than two months earlier and was under a care plan prepared by his psychiatrist. He got off the bus, went into a grocery store and purchased a hammer and a knife. When Weber emerged from the store, he attacked an unsuspecting 55-year-old Ghebrehiwet suddenly and without provocation from behind, smashing him repeatedly in the head and face with the hammer. The multiple blows caused numerous lacerations and fractures to Ghebrehiwet s face and resulted in the partial and permanent loss of vision in his left eye. The attack only ended when a bystander intervened. Weber was arrested three days later after staff from the home where he was living recognized him from video surveillance released by police. Weber’s lawyer had argued in court that Weber was in a psychotic state that evening, the result of his paranoid schizophrenia. The dis ease is treatable, but in Weber s case the drugs he takes sometimes fail, and voices in his head convince him to lash out. JudgeShow MoreRelatedMental Illness And Its Effects On Society1405 Words   |  6 Pagesonce stated, â€Å"Mental illness is nothing to be ashamed of, but stigma and bias shame us all.† Mental illness comes with multiple influences towards the daily life of an individual. On one hand, these individuals must try to manage the symptoms that arise with their disease. 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Louis Armstrong From Childhood To Adulthood Essay

Louis Armstrong: From Childhood to Adulthood nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;When you think of Louis Armstrong you probably think of a jolly middle-aged man who can play the cornet like no one else, a man who had it all, a man who had the good life. Well, Louis was not always that lucky. From childhood to his adulthood, Louis Armstrong changed much as a person and a musician. He worked very hard to become what he became and did not let anything get in the way of becoming a musician. In this paper, you will read about how Louis Armstrong became one of the most influential people/musicians of his time. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Louis Armstrong’s childhood was not of the normal childhoods most of us have had. He had a very hard and†¦show more content†¦Louis loved his grandmother but, after seven years of living with her he moved 18 blocks away to live with his mother ,Mayann. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;When he went to her house he found out that he had a new sister named Beatrice. She was nicknamed Mama Lucy. His mother would always be working long hours and drink in bars all night. That left Louis to take care of Mama Lucy and himself. Louis was luck enough to get work from a young white boy who helped him sell papers for pennies. He also sang in a street choir with some of his friends. As he got into his teen years he took up crapshooting. All of these odd jobs brought in enough money to feed Mama Lucy and himself. When working was not getting him anywhere he could always find a careless or drunk person stumbling in the streets who would drop his/her money. Also, when nothing was working at all he would occasionally steal some food from the local grocery stores. But still being just a boy he was not satisfied with the title of being the bearer of food for his family. He wanted to be and do so many things. He idolized hustlers and their easy lives. With a life like one of theirs, Louis could do more things with his life and still support his family. Also, Louis was starting to notice music. He always would admire the marching bands that would come booming down the streets and the blues that would come blasting out of all the bars and â€Å"honky tonks†. Louis just wanted to be something more than heShow MoreRelatedThe Music Of New Orleans Jazz1223 Words   |  5 Pagessimple instruments to create a distinctive musical sound. Two distinguished musicians, Louis Armstrong and Dizzy Gillespie, rose to fame with their musical talents in the jazz community around the world. These two musicians born below the Mason Dixon line would acquire their popularity by performing nationwide, but their childhood, musical careers, and legacies would be totally different. Daniel Louis Armstrong was born in New Orleans, Louisiana in the early 20th century. Being born into povertyRead MoreLouis Armstrong, A Man Who Was The Most Influential Trumpet Players Of All Of Jazz Music Essay1893 Words   |  8 Pagesthat we know today. 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The small pile of sweat-stained band t-shirts, folders of AP History notes my high school teachers insisted I’d need in college, and Mad Magazine issues are worth some nostalgic currencyRead MoreSolution Manual, Test Bank and Instructor Manuals34836 Words   |  140 PagesDear All, If you need any solution manual, testbank for testbooks from the list, do contact us anytime, we provide competitive prices and fast delivery after payment done. Contact us: smtbportal@gmail.com smtbportal(at)gmail(dot)com 2010 Corporate Partnership Estate and Gift Tax with HR Block TaxCut 4e Pratt Kulsrud Solution Manual 2010 Corporate Partnership Estate and Gift Tax with HR Block TaxCut 4e Pratt Kulsrud Test Bank 2010 Federal Taxation with HR Block TaxCut 4e Pratt Kulsrud

Freud, Adler and Jung Founders of Psychoanalytic Research...

Freud, Adler and Jung: Founders of Psychoanalytic Research Elizabeth R. Blight PSY/250 1/23/2013 Michelle Willis Introduction: There are three well-known influential thinkers who are considered to be pioneers in the field of psychology. It could be argued that without †¦., the emergence of psychology as we know it might not have ever happened, at least in its present form. Freud is considered by his modern-day counterparts to be the founding father of analytic psychology, as he is the first to have come up with an albeit rudimentary, but nevertheless valuable model of the human psyche. Prior to his groundbreaking work, the nature of human consciousness was largely debated and theorized by medical doctors and theologians.†¦show more content†¦These mechanisms can be considered normal, especially during grieving periods. Much later, Dr. Elisabeth Kubler-Ross made shock and denial one of the first stages of the grieving process, and it has been well-documented that denial can be very common if not normal as long as it doesn’t become permanent. Defense mechanisms can become ve ry unhealthy if they don’t eventually give way to directly coping with the emotions which are being denied or repressed. These defense mechanisms, in their most extreme forms can be very difficult to understand for those who haven’t shared the same experience. For example, it is very possible for a woman to be so deep in denial of a pregnancy that she will continue to menstruate up until the time of delivery. She could also attribute the normal symptoms of pregnancy with other possible explanations, i.e. morning sickness being stomach flu and the baby’s kicks being gas. A typical example of displacement can be seen with people who abuse animals or children. If a person feels they cannot express anger or aggression to a parent or significant other for fear of repercussions, they will channel the anger and direct it to the family pet or their child, who cannot fight back. Regression can be another common defense mechanism, and it usually happens when an individual is overwhelmed with anxiety and feels they cannot directly face the source of their emotions. A very common scenario is for anShow MoreRelatedPsychoanalytic Psychology : Psychoanalytic Personality Assessment1427 Words   |  6 Pages Psychoanalytic Personality Assessment Julious Campbell PSY/250 June 8, 2015 MR. MICHAEL PHILLIPS Psychoanalytic Personality Assessment Many people consider Psychology a science, which is true, applied science. Psychology is the study of the mind and behavior which has different levels with many dimensions. Psychology is compounded with many theories and studies that by trial, and error, have made psychology into the discipline that it has become today. 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Wireless sensor network and its Applications Free Essays

Introduction Wireless sensor networks use sensing techniques to gather information about a phenomenon and react to the events in a specified environment by the means of Sensors. These small, inexpensive, smart devices, which are connected through wireless links, provide unique opportunities for controlling and monitoring environments. Technically, a sensor translates the information from the physical world into signals and prepares them for analysis and processing. We will write a custom essay sample on Wireless sensor network and its Applications or any similar topic only for you Order Now The terms, Wireless Nodes, Sensor nodes and motes can be used interchangeably in different contexts. Here we refer to them as motes. Motes are typically produced in large quantities and are usually densely distributed in the network. Their size(or their components size) varies from macroscopic- scale to microscopic or even sometimes nanoscopic-scale. â€Å"Micro-sensors with on-board processing and wireless interfaces can be utilized to study and monitor a variety of phenomena and environments at close proximity.† A mote is consisted of four major components: Processing Unit: For data processing and â€Å"managing the procedures that make the motes collaborate with other nodes to carry out the assigned sensing tasks.† Sensing Unit: To sense the physical world and convert the data into digital signal ready for processing. Transceiver Unit: To provide the connection of nodes in the network. Power Unit: To supply energy for the device components. Based on the application, motes may have some additional components such as location finding system, mobilizer and power generator. These components should be put together in a way to fit in a small size module, be adaptive to different environments and consume as little power as possible. The components of a mote Figure is a representation of data acquisition about a phenomena (Process) in the real world which can be sensed by a sensor. The sensed signal needs often needs some changing in order to be processed (Signal Conditioning). For example in order to make the signal range appropriate for conversion some changes on signal magnitude is needed through signal amplification. Unwanted noise can also be removed through this stage. The analog signal is then transformed to digital signal by using ADC and is ready for further processing or storage. Data acquisition and actuation Applications: Wireless sensor networks can be used in places where wired systems cannot be deployed (e.g., a remote or dangerous area). It can also be used in commercial products to improve the performance or quality of them or provide convenience for their users. Sensor can sense many different variables such as: temperature, humidity, pressure and movement. They can sense an environment continuously or they can be event driven and sense an event when it occurs. Wireless sensor networks can support a wide range of applications. Battlefield surveillance, Bridge and highway monitoring, Earthquake detection, Habitat Monitoring, Health care, Industrial monitoring and control, Tracking wildfires, Traffic flow and surveillance, Video surveillance and Weather monitoring are few examples of its applications. Military Applications One of the first applications of sensor network was military sensing. WSN could be used for monitoring the critical equipment, vehicle or weapons to make sure they are in a proper condition. Terrains, paths and roads could be monitored to sense the presence of opposing forces. They also can be used to enhance the targeting system of ammunitions. Human teams can be replaced by sensor networks in places affected by biological and chemical warfare or incidents in order to perform nuclear reconnaissance and prevent humans to be exposed to radiations. Traffic surveillance Traffic surveillance is another example of WSN applications. Sensors are placed in predefined places to gather data and send it via wireless links to data centres for further processing. This data can be beneficial for statistical purposes such as vehicle count per day, the number of cars per lane and the average speed of vehicles. It can also be useful for real time applications such as traffic flow monitoring, incident reporting and managing the traffic lights in order to prevent heavy traffics. Real-time traffic flow control Medical Applications: Wireless sensor network benefits are being explored by many hospitals and medical centres around the world. As it can be seen in Figure sensors can be implanted in patient body or connected to him in order to collect information about his vital signs such as heart beat, blood pressure and oxygen level in blood. This information can be transferred patient’s medical record for future examinations and long-term inspections. It also can be displayed in real-time or alert physicians based on the sensor program in case of any sudden change in under-care patient condition. http://www.infotech.oulu.fi/Annual/2007/opme.html Realization of these various applications requires wireless ad hoc networking techniques. However they are not suitably designed for special features and applications of sensor networks. WSN vs. Mobile Adhoc Netoworks [12] Although there are lots of similarities between Mobile ad networks (MANET) and WSN for instance their lack of network infrastructure, use of multi-hop routing and wireless channel, there are some major differences to point out. Nodes in MANET are designed for human interaction such as laptop and PDAs, whereas in WSN motes are usually left unattended in remote or dangerous locations with the least possible interactions. In WSN â€Å"the topology of the network may change dynamically† due to node failure. It can happen because sometimes motes in some specific areas may be damaged and fail. In some network topologies motes have a sleep/awake cycle in order to save energy, so the topology needs to change when a mote is not available at a specific time. In WSN unlike MANETs the source of energy is limited and the nodes are sometimes left unattended in places where there is no access to them to change or recharge their batteries. â€Å"The range of communications is typically within a few meters and at low rates (some kilobits per second); there are typically a few kilobytes of memory and the processor may operate at speeds of only some megahertz.† Mote design and communication aspect of WSN is totally application dependent and changes based on different application requirements. Motes in some wireless sensor applications remain sleep for the most of their lifetime and transfer their information in a timely basis in order to save energy. So the traffic flow in the network is almost infrequent and delay time is usually higher than MANET networks. Overview of 802.15.4 1-http://www.ieee802.org/15/pub/TG4.html - IEEE 802.15 WPANâ„ ¢ Task Group 4 (TG4) 2-http://www.zigbee.org/Specifications.aspx a ZigBee Alliance the Official Website 3-http://www.eetimes.com/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=173600329 - EE Times: The global electronics engineering community The IEEE 802.15.4 and the Zigbee alliance have been working together in order to improve WSN efficiency, safety, security, reliability and convenience of this technology. IEEE 802.15.4 focuses on physical layer and MAC layer at the 868MHz (Europe), 915MHz (US) and 2.4GHz (worldwide) ISM bands whereas Zigbee alliances work on higher level protocols. â€Å"The IEEE 802.15 was chartered to investigate a low data rate solution with multi-month to multi-year battery life and very low complexity. It is operating in an unlicensed, international frequency band.† â€Å"Some of the characteristics of IEEE 802.15.4 include: Data rates of 250 kbps, 40 kbps, and 20 kbps CSMA-CA(Carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance) channel access Fully handshaked protocol for transfer reliability Power management to ensure low power consumption 16 channels in the 2.4GHz ISM band, 10 channels in the 915MHz I and one channel in the 868MHz band.† â€Å"The ZigBee specification enhances the IEEE 802.15.4 standard by adding network and security layers and an application framework. From this foundation, Alliance developed standards, technically referred to as public application profiles, can be used to create a multi-vendor interoperable solutions. For custom application where interoperability is not required, manufacturers can create their own manufacturer specific profiles.† [2]Some of the characteristics of ZigBee include: Global operation in the 2.4GHz frequency band according to IEEE 802.15.4 Regional operation in the 915Mhz (Americas) and 868Mhz (Europe). Frequency agile solution operating over 16 channels in the 2.4GHz frequency Incorporates power saving mechanisms for all device classes [802]IEEE 802.15.4 standard defines PHY (physical layer) and MAC (medium access control) layer for the purpose of low data rate wireless communications which consume very low power. Physical Layer Some of the main characteristics of the PHY are the processes of sensing the environment, turning on/off the transceiver, estimating the receiver power/link quality indication and transmitting/receiving the information between two nodes. It finally sends the result of channel assessment to the MAC layer. The PHY is responsible for providing two services: PHY Data Service: â€Å"Enables the transmission and reception of PHY protocol data units (PPDUs) across the physical radio channel. PHY management service There are different frequency bands and data rates which a device should be able to operate with which are summarized in Table ?. Table – Frequency bands and data rates Mac Layer MAC layer provides access to the physical radio channel to transmit MAC frames. Some of the main characteristics of MAC sublayer are network beaconing, frame validation, Guarantees time slots (GTS) and handles node associations. The MAC layer is responsible for providing two services: MAC Data Service: â€Å"Enables the transmission and reception of MAC protocol data units (MPDUs) across the PHY data service.† MAC Management Service IEEE 802.15.4 MAC can work with both beacon enabled and non-beacon models. When it is on non-beacon model it is a simple CSMA/CA protocol but in beacon enable mode it works with super frame structure, shown in Fig. The frame starts with a Beacon which is sent by coordinator periodically. The frame also contains inactive period and active period. During the inactive period the device switches to low power mode and communicate with others during active period. The Beacon Interval is calculated based different attributes. In Active period the portion is divided into 16 slots which consist of three parts: Connection Access Period (CAP), Collision Free Period (CFP) (the GTS sections within it is for specific nodes) and the beacon. Fig Superframe structure Network Topologies ZigBee supports 3 types of topologies: Star, Mesh(peer-to-peer) and Cluster tree as shown in Fig . – Star topology: In this topology the communication is only between the single central controller called Personal Area Network (PAN) coordinator and other devices in the network which is mostly suitable for small networks such as single hop networks. A PAN coordinator usually has a unique identifier which is only used by this specific coordinator and allows different star networks to operate separately in the same area. – Mesh topology: This topology also has a PAN coordinator like Star topology but with the difference of having communication not only between coordinator and devices but between devices as well when they are in the range of one another. Although it makes the network structure more complex, but as a result of allowing multi-hop routing it is suitable for large networks. It also can be an adhoc network with self-healing and self-organizing characteristics. – Cluster tree topology: Cluster tree network is a form of peer-to-peer network. One coordinator operates as a PAN coordinator which has the responsibility of defining Cluster Heads (CH). The CH is a kind of Full Function Device (FFD) which can act as a coordinator. Each Reduced Function Device (RFD) then can selects its CH and joins that cluster. This kind of structure has a great impact on energy saving in the network which will be discussed later. Fig Topology Model Energy Conservation and measurement: [24]A wireless sensor network is created with hundreds or thousands of sensor motes, distributed independently in a remote area with the responsibility of sensing the environment, processing information and communicating with other motes in the network for years with a limited source of energy provided by a small battery which is almost impossible to be changed or recharged during motes life time. Therefore the concept of energy consumption management in the network has become one of the most important aspects of wireless sensor network design and implementation. The power saving approach has affected the mote design, power management strategies, communication and routing protocols of the WSN. Generally energy saving methods are divided in two major categories: Energy saving at Mote level; aims to selects the most energy efficient components of the device and trade off unnecessary operations in order to save energy based on the application requirements. Energy saving at Communication level; selecting the most efficient communication methods and protocols to conserve energy at this level. Power saving at mote level: The first step in saving energy at mote level is to find out where the energy is consumed in the mote. As it was mentioned before, a mote consists of 4 components: Processing Unit, Sensor, Transceiver and a Power supply to provide energy for the mentioned parts. Based on the experimental measurements in [40] data transmission is more energy consuming that data processing. Passive sensors such as temperature sensors on the other hand consume a small amount of power compared to other components which is almost usually negligible. Table shows a power model of a Mica2 mote in different states. How to cite Wireless sensor network and its Applications, Essay examples

Enjoyment of Being a Girl Overcoming Industry Sta Essay Example For Students

Enjoyment of Being a Girl: Overcoming Industry Sta Essay ndards Have you ever been looking at a magazine and notice you are not what a guy wants? Or have you ever sat and watched television and then proceeded to look into the mirror and feel so badly about your appearance that you felt depressed? Many women in todays world experience these same feelings each time they come in contact with some type of media. The media has always used women as a way to sell products or used them as propaganda, but how far is too far? The media is a large source of entertainment for women of today. Women spend the majority of their time looking at magazines for latest fashions or trends. These media sources all share one subject: negative images of women. These places all share one thing; negative images of women. Women are being used as a sex object and are not portrayed how the average woman looks. These portrayals can lead to loss of self-esteem and also weight loss. Women should know that they need their spiritual health to live happily and not be influenced by the images that the media portray as the perfect body. Women need to have a feeling of being safe, powerful and comfortable within their own bodies. Media has a negative impact on the way women feel about their bodies, says Julie Parsons a clinical social worker (WVU). The media is such a huge influence in peoples lives sometimes they dont realize it. As women are walking down the street, the media can influence them. As people are riding in the car, the media can influence them. And even as people are sitting in the comfort of their own home, the media can influence them. The media is everywhere influencing our lives; from television to magazines to the Internet (Medias Negative). As a woman grows older she often finds it difficult to be secure in her own body. America has a desirable standard that many women want and try to live up too (Medias not). This is why the media has so many young women that are extremely underweight for their height and bone structure. Weight and shape concerns are influenced by the media (Medias portrayal). This desirable standard has so many women feeling obese that women cannot think about themselves in a healthy way, which is an enormous problem. The culture of todays society is surrounded by looks. People in society believe they have to have the right car, the right cigarette, the right food, and the right attitude; all with the right body (Smith). But what society doesnt see is that 99% of women can never live up to the body type the media presents (Medias portrayal). It is as though the media is a bad demand out for no good because Americas standards are so unrealistic (Medias not). The media paints a picture of unrealistic body images that make people feel they dont fit and cant fit in, said Shelly Perlin a Sciences Major (WVU). Women come into the world with a sense of innocence and no worries and then once they reach a certain age, they start feeling a sense of security if they have what others have, or if they are the perfect women. Women have to face so many different standards within a short span of life that they do not always know what is right. The media is a major influence and influences society beyond its knowledge (Medias). The media is so influential that it does not allow people to make their own personal judgments (Medias ticket). Some people feel as though the media is not all to blame for negative body images. Television and Magazines have a high impact on women today. In television the majority of female characters on T.V. are thin (Medias not). Statistics show that the average adolescent girls unrealistic body images are due to the three to four hours of T. .udf7cd6c9efe5a199e1bb4650b73d3503 , .udf7cd6c9efe5a199e1bb4650b73d3503 .postImageUrl , .udf7cd6c9efe5a199e1bb4650b73d3503 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .udf7cd6c9efe5a199e1bb4650b73d3503 , .udf7cd6c9efe5a199e1bb4650b73d3503:hover , .udf7cd6c9efe5a199e1bb4650b73d3503:visited , .udf7cd6c9efe5a199e1bb4650b73d3503:active { border:0!important; } .udf7cd6c9efe5a199e1bb4650b73d3503 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .udf7cd6c9efe5a199e1bb4650b73d3503 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .udf7cd6c9efe5a199e1bb4650b73d3503:active , .udf7cd6c9efe5a199e1bb4650b73d3503:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .udf7cd6c9efe5a199e1bb4650b73d3503 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .udf7cd6c9efe5a199e1bb4650b73d3503 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .udf7cd6c9efe5a199e1bb4650b73d3503 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .udf7cd6c9efe5a199e1bb4650b73d3503 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .udf7cd6c9efe5a199e1bb4650b73d3503:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .udf7cd6c9efe5a199e1bb4650b73d3503 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .udf7cd6c9efe5a199e1bb4650b73d3503 .udf7cd6c9efe5a199e1bb4650b73d3503-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .udf7cd6c9efe5a199e1bb4650b73d3503:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Children And Art Therapy EssayV. they watch (WVU). After women watch at least thirty minutes of T.V. or advertisements with thin women, they show signs of guilt, depression, shame, and body dissatisfaction (Medias Negative). According to the University of Missouri-Columbia studies, the average woman that becomes so .