Yorkshire Dialect in Comparison to Received Pronunciation Essay

Yorkshire Dialect in Comparison to Received Pronunciation - Essay Example ThÐ µ rÐ µsults indicÐ °tÐ µd thÐ °t nÐ µÃ °rly Ð °ll of thÐ µ sociÐ °l bond mÐ µÃ °surÐ µs wÐ µrÐ µ invÐ µrsÐ µly rÐ µlÐ °tÐ µd to thÐ µ frÐ µquÐ µncy of Yorkshire diÐ °lect. Ð  multivÐ °riÐ °tÐ µ modÐ µl thÐ °t usÐ µd thÐ µsÐ µ sociÐ °l bond mÐ µÃ °surÐ µs Ð µxplÐ °inÐ µd Ð °pproximÐ °tÐ µly onÐ µ-quÐ °rtÐ µr of thÐ µ vÐ °riÐ °ncÐ µ in thÐ µ frÐ µquÐ µncy of Yorkshire diÐ °lect for thÐ µ studÐ µnts in this sÐ °mplÐ µ. The term diÐ °lect refers to Ð ° specific vÐ °riety of Ð ° lÐ °nguÐ °ge, which differs systemÐ °ticÐ °lly from other vÐ °rieties in terms of pronunciÐ °tion, grÐ °mmÐ °r Ð °nd vocÐ °bulÐ °ry, but which is still generÐ °lly comprehensible to speÐ °kers of other diÐ °lects within thÐ °t lÐ °nguÐ °ge. Ð ccent refers simply to different pronunciÐ °tion pÐ °tterns Ð °nd, despite populÐ °r belief to the contrÐ °ry everybody speÐ °ks with Ð °n Ð °ccent. In other words, diÐ °lect is the Ð °n umbrellÐ ° term for Ð ° vÐ °riety of linguistic feÐ °tures, one of which is Ð °ccent - the sound pÐ °tterns of Ð ° specific diÐ °lect. Thus, within EnglÐ °nd, Ð ° northerner using nÐ °ught to meÐ °n nothing is Ð °n exÐ °mple of lexicÐ °l vÐ °riÐ °tion, but Ð ° LiverpudliÐ °n pronouncing the word nothing differently from the wÐ °y Ð ° Londoner might sÐ °y it is Ð ° difference in Ð °ccent. In fÐ °ct Ð °ny nÐ °tive speÐ °ker Ð °djusts his or her speech pÐ °tterns depending on the context of the situÐ °tion: from relÐ °xed conversÐ °tion in fÐ °miliÐ °r surroundings to Ð ° more formÐ °l setting – we hÐ °ve most of us, for instÐ °nce, been Ð °ccused of hÐ °ving Ð ° â€Å"telephone voice†. However, the rÐ °nge of Ð °ny given speÐ °ker’s repertoire is defined by who he or she is. People from different geogrÐ °phicÐ °l plÐ °ces cleÐ °rly speÐ °k differently, but even within the sÐ °me smÐ °ll community, people might speÐ °k differently Ð °ccording to their Ð °ge, gender, ethnicity Ð °nd sociÐ °l Ð °nd educÐ °tionÐ °l bÐ °ckground. The Yorkshire diÐ °lect Ð °nd Ð °ccent refers to the vÐ °rieties of English used in the northern English county of Yorkshire. These vÐ °rieties of English Ð °re non-rhotic Ð °nd refer to themselves Ð °s Tyke Ð °nd Ð °re referred to Ð °s Yorkshire by other vÐ °rieties of English.

Scholarly Critique Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Scholarly Critique - Assignment Example Therefore, the study contributes meaningful evidence that can be used in the nursing practice. This is because it gives the health care institutions the knowledge of understanding that the nurses need a break from their work just as other employees in other areas of work (Garrett, 2008). Additionally, the research has given the government some insight where they should increase the patient to nurse ratio in all health care institution to reduce nurse dissatisfaction and burnout. The researcher indicates the implications of the study for the clinical practice. In that, the researcher indicates that nurse burn out puts the patients at risk because the nurses do not have the capacity to treat the patients properly as they are tired. The implications are reasonable and complete because they have clearly elaborated the causes of nurse dissatisfaction and burn out. In the sense that, there is inadequacy of nurses in the United States, where the government has been given the obligation to ensure that all hospitals have enough nurses to reduce the workload of the present nurses, which will in turn reduce job dissatisfaction and nurse

Nocardia Isolation by Paraffin Baiting Technique

Nocardia Isolation by Paraffin Baiting Technique Nocardia isolation from clinical samples with paraffin baiting technique Abstract Background: The genus Nocardia is cause infection in lung, skin, brain, cerebrospinal, eyes, joints and kidneys. This bacterium is slow-growing and it is difficult to isolate of polymicrobial specimens. Several methods have been reported for Nocardia isolation from clinical samples. In current study, we used of three methods such as paraffin baiting technique, paraffin agar, and conventional media for Nocardia isolation of various clinical specimens from Iranian patients. Methods: In this study, we collected five hundred and seventeen from various clinical specimens including sputum of patients with suspected tuberculosis, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum of patients withcystic fibrosis, trachea, cutaneous and subcutaneous abscess, cerebrospinal fluid, dental abscess, mycetoma, wound, bone marrow biopsy, and gastric lavage. Smears of all clinical specimens were investigated with Gram stain, partially acid fast and kinyoun stain. All collected specimens were cultured on to carbon free broth tube (paraffin baiting technique), paraffin agar, sabouraud dextrose agar, sabouraud dextrose agar with cycloheximide and incubated at 35 °C. Results: In direct microscopy, partially acid fast and Gram staining were seen positive for five and three clinical specimens respectively and the kinyoun stain were negative for all isolates. Seven isolates of clinical specimens were isolated with paraffin baiting technique. In our study, paraffin baiting technique is more effective than conventional media and paraffin agar for Nocardia isolation. Conclusions: In the present study, shown that use of paraffin baiting technique is more effective of other methods for Nocardia isolation of various clinical specimens. Key words: Nocardia, Paraffin baiting technique, Paraffin agar, Sabouraud dextrose agar Introduction Nocardia spp. are group aerobic actinomycetes, gram positive rods, partially acid fast, non-motile, filamentous branches, catalase positive and methenamine silver-positive [1-3]. The genus Nocardia is opportunistic pathogens [2] that are found around the natural environments. This bacterium is not part of normal microbialflora in human body and animals [1, 4, 5] as well as, there is no report of person to person transmission [5]. This microorganism first introduced by Edmond in 1888 [1, 6]. Nocardia species are cause serious infections in different parts of the body especially lung and skin [6]. Nocardial infections acquired via inhalation of aerosolsor skin damage [7]. In recent years, nocardiosis increased in immune disorder diseases such as Pemphigus disorder, Behà §et’s disease, malignancy, organ transplantation [8-10]. Todate, isolation and identification of Nocardia is improved from clinical specimens [11, 12]. Clinical diagnosis in nocardiosis is controversial and clin ical signs are not specific for this bacterium. Standard tool in Nocardia infections identification are including: isolation and pure culture, Gram stain and partially acid-fast [12, 13]. Nocardia species are slow growing bacteria and isolation this bacterium of polymicrobial specimens is difficult in clinical microbiology laboratory [14]. Decontamination of pulmonary specimens such as sputum is toxic for the genus Nocardia. Paraffin baiting technique was reported for Nocardia and mycobacteria isolation of soil [15]. Paraffin baiting technique was reported that is successfully for Nocardia isolation of various clinical specimens especially poly microbial specimens such as sputum [3,14, 16]. The aim of this study is unique for two reasons: The first aim of this study were comparison of paraffin baiting technique with other methods such as conventional media including sabouraud dextrose agar, sabouraud dextrose agar with cycloheximide and paraffin agar to isolate Nocardia from various clinical specimens such as bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), sputum of patients with suspected tuberculosis, sputum of patients with cystic fibrosis, cutaneous abscess, cerebrospinal fluid(CSF), dental abscess, mycetoma, trachea, wound, bone marrow biopsy and gastric lavage. The second aim was to estimate the prevalence of Nocardia infection in Iranian patients. There are few numbers of case reports of Nocardia infection and there is no comprehensive database of nocardiosis, therefore, it is essential to better assess the prevalence of this bacteria. Methods Sample collection Five hundred and seventeen various clinical specimens such as sputum of patients with suspected tuberculosis, sputum of patients with cystic fibrosis, BAL, cutaneous and subcutaneous abscess, CSF, dental abscess, mycetoma, wound, bone marrow biopsy, gastric lavage and trachea were collected between February 28, 2011 through March 8, 2013 (Table 1). Direct microscopy All clinical specimens were examined with direct microscopy. The first, clinical specimens were homogenized and were centrifuged in 10000 rpm for 10 minutes and the supernatant was discarded. The smears were prepared from the sediments and were stained with Gram stain, partially acid fast and Kinyoun stain. Culture on different media Sediment of specimens were inoculated on sabouraud dextrose agar (Merck- Germany), sabouraud dextrose agar with cycloheximide(cycloheximide-Sigma-Aldrich-USA), paraffin agar (KH2PO4, K2HPO4, NH4Cl, NH4NO3, MgSO4 .7H20, ZnSO4, FeSO4, MnSO4, Bacto- Agar and Distilled water) and McClungs carbon-free broth tube (MgSO4 7H2O: 0.5 g, ZnSO4: 2 mg, FeCl3: 10 mg, MnCl2. 4H2O: 8 mg, K2HPO4: 0.8 g, NaNO3: 2 g, Distilled water: 1lit, pH 7.2) with paraffin coated glass rod placed. Tubes were incubated at 35 °C for one month with daily controlled [14, 17]. Results Examination of stained smears in direct microscopic, were detected three specimens with Gram staining and five specimens with partially acid fast staining and all smears were negative for Kinyoun stain. In McClungs carbon-free broth, colonies similar cream to white-colored appearing on the paraffin-coated glass rod (Figure 1). Colonies similar to the genus Nocardia were cultured on nutrient agar and were purified (Figure 2). Colonies were stained with Gram positive and partially acid fast and were negative for Kinyoun stain. All clinical isolates were grown in lysozyme broth medium. Seven specimens were positive for the genus Nocardia (1.3%) with paraffin baiting technique as compared with sabouraud dextrose agar and sabouraud dextrose agar with cycloheximide and paraffin agar (Table 1). In comparative to various media, paraffin baiting technique was better in the isolation Nocardia, so this technique is effective and specific for Nocardia isolation of various clinical specimens espe cially poly microbial samples (Table 1). Prevalence of nocardiosis in sputum (238 specimens), BAL (143 specimens) and cutaneous abscess (45 specimens) were 1.6%, 1.3%, 2.2%, respectively. In our study, we isolated one Nocardia spp. from cutaneous abscess of patient with Pemphigus disorder. Discussion In scientific resource, recommended the use of paraffin baiting technique for isolation Nocardia from polymicrobial flora such as sputum [18]. Nocardia spp. utilized of paraffin wax as the sole carbon source [15, 19]. It has been reported different medium containing antibiotic for isolation this organism such as chloramphenicol with sabouraud dextrose agar. Some species of the genus Nocardia are susceptible to chloramphenicol [16]. A wide range of nocardiosis occurs in Immunocompromised and immunosuppressive patients [8-10]. Mycobacterium tuberculosis mimicking pulmonary nocardiosis so isolation and identification Nocardia is very important because treatment in two organisms is difficult. In a study by Mishra and colleagues in 1969, they investigated 555 clinical specimens such as sputum, BAL and Gastric lavage and were positive respectively 10, 1 and 1 about Nocardia spp. [19]. Singh et al surveyed 1510 sputum specimens and results showed paraffin baiting method has higher efficacy of sabouraud dextrose agar [17]. Another study by Venugopal et al were examined 350 sputum, BAL, pleural fluid, pus , biopsy specimens and isolated 15 strains of Nocardia [20]. A study in 2001 from Iran, Eshraghi et al surveyed 142 sputum specimens and was positive 1 isolate (0.7%) but in our study was positive 4 isolates (1.3%) of 291 sputum of patients with suspected tuberculosis. The results show that Nocardia infection is increasing in Iranian patients. The reports showed paraffin baiting technique is more selective and effective than usual medium and paraffin agar. Conclusions We recommended that the be used of paraffin baiting technique for Nocardia isolation in clinical laboratories. due to aging and autoimmune or immune disorders in Iranian patients, isolation Nocardia spp is very necessary for treatment. Acknowledgments This study was supported by Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Deputy of Research. References 1.Eshraghi SS Molecular typing of Nocardia species. J Med Bacteriol 2012; 1(1): 38-45. 2.Budzik JM, Hosseini M, Mackinnon AC Jr, et al. Disseminated Nocardia farcinica: literature review and fatal outcome in an immunocompetent patient. Surg. Infect 2012; 13(3): 163-170. 3.Hollick GE. Nocardiosis. clinical microbiology newsletter 1988; 10(14): 105-109. 4.Eshraghi S, Amin M. Nocardia asteroides complex in patient with symptomatic pulmonary nocardiosis in a patient with bronchiectasis. Iran J Public Health 2001(3-4); 30: 99-102. 5.Stevens DA, Pier AC, Beaman BL, et al. Laboratory evaluation of an outbreak of nocardiosis in immunocompromised hosts. Am J Med 1981; 71(6): 928-934. 6.Brown-Elliott BA, Brown JM, Conville PS, et al. Clinical and laboratory features of the Nocardia spp. based on current molecular taxonomy. Clin Microbiol Rev 2006; 19(2): 259-282. 7.Patel MP, Kute VB, Gumber MR, , et al. Successful treatment of Nocardia pneumonia with cytomegalovirus retinitis coinfection in a renal transplant recipient. Int Urol Nephrol 2012; 45: 581-5. 8.Poonwan N, Kusum M, Mikami Y, , et al. Pathogenic Nocardia isolated from clinical specimens including those of AIDS patients in Thailand. Eur J Epidemiol 1995; 11(5): 507-512. 9.Srifuengfung S, Poonwan N, Tribuddharat C, et al. Prevalence of Nocardia species isolated from patients with respiratory tract infections at siriraj hospital, Thailand. J Infect Dis Antimicrob Agents 2007; 24: 1-6. 10.Sahathevan M, Harvey FA, Forbes G, et al. Epidemiology, bacteriology and control of an outbreak of Nocardia asteroides infection on a liver unit. J Hosp 1991; 18: 473-480. 11.Das D. Actinomycosis in fine needle aspiration cytology. Cytopathology 1994;5(4): 243-250. 12.Wada R., Itabashi C, Nakayama Y, et al. Chronic granulomatous pleuritis caused by Nocardia: PCR based diagnosis by nocardial 16S rDNA in pathological specimens. J Clin Pathol 2003; 56(12): 966-969. 13.Gupta N, Srinivasan R, Kumar R, et al. Two cases of nocardiosis diagnosed by fineà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ needle aspiration cytology: Role of special stains. Diagn Cytopathol 2011; 39(5): 363-364. 14.Shawar RM, Moore DG, LaRocco MT. Cultivation of Nocardia spp. on chemically defined media for selective recovery of isolates from clinical specimens. J Clin Microbio l 1990; 28(3): 508-512. 15.Narang P, Dey S, Mendiratta D. Paraffin slide culture technique for Baiting Non-Tuberculous Mycobacteria. Indian. J. Tuberc 2000; 47(4): 219-222. 16.Garrett M, Holmes H, Nolte F. Selective buffered charcoal-yeast extract medium for isolation of Nocardiae from mixed cultures. J Clin Microbiol 1992; 30(7): 1891-1892. 17.Singh M, Sandhu RS, Randhawa HS. Comparison of paraffin baiting and conventional culture techniques for isolation of Nocardia asteroides from sputum. J Clin Microbiol 1987; 25(1): 176-177. 18.  Yu C T, Chua JA. Nocardiosis. PJMID 2001; 30: 56-61. 19.Mishra S, Randhawa H. Application of paraffin bait technique to the isolation of Nocardia asteroides from clinical specimens. Appl Microbiol 1969; 18(4): 686-687. 20.Venugopal PV, Taralakshmi VV, Subramanian S, , et al. Nocardia species from bronchopulmonary infections and mycetomas. Sabouraudia 1980; 18(1): 11-18. Figure 1. Isolation and growth Nocardia on paraffin coated glass rod Figure 2. Nocardia grown on nutrient agar medium 1

Analysis of John Crossan :: essays research papers

Crossan asserts that the human body is a microcosm for the body politic, citing anthropologist Mary Douglas who states, â€Å"the body is a symbol of society† (77). This means that interactions between individuals serve as the basis for the macrocosm. Individuals are confined systems with distinct boundaries that are continuously guarding against outside threats. On the macrocosmic level, the ancient Roman patronal system offered severe consequences to those who fell outside or violated social boundaries. Chapter 4 entitled â€Å"In the Beginning is the Body† recognizes Jesus as a direct risk to society because of his adherence to open commensality and radical egalitarianism. But, despite the differences that estrange Roman society from Jesus’ community, the two groups are linked upon one important commonality.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Leadership power in ancient Roman society was maintained through a careful arrangement of social boundaries. These protective boundaries were symbolized by an explicit separation of the clean and unclean or the â€Å"us† and â€Å"them†. This ideology was initiated at the individual level by establishing the human body as a confined system that required certain standards in order to remain â€Å"clean† and acceptable. Rules or â€Å"margins† regarding eating, drinking, and socializing between classes were strictly followed because one’s home and table were the groundwork for empowering ancient Rome (68). When margins are no longer clear, the fibers that collate a national culture begin to tear at the seams. On the macrocosmic level, ancient Roman society employed a patronal system, which was upheld by a sense of moral duty that extended through the hierarchical ranks down to the most destitute (97). This system demanded adherence to social norms and severely punished individuals who did not preserve these boundaries. For example, the leper was often characterized as one of the most unclean and despised figures of society. Crossan suggests that the leper is not a danger as a result of his medical condition, but rather because of the â€Å"symbolic contamination† that threatened to compromise the identity of society (79). The leper was perceived as unclean because his disease rendered him different than â€Å"normal† people. On the other hand, Jesus advocated open commensality, which is the acceptance of all people equally. Jesus refused to treat the leper as an ostracized member of society and welcomed him into the Kingdom of God. This act of bringing the marginalized back into the community infuriated Rome, but spread Jesus’ reputation as a â€Å"healer†.

Informative Article About Bullying Essay

Have you ever heard about Amanda Todd, a 15 years old Canadian girl who took her life away, on October 2012, because of cyber bullying. Before her suicide, Amada decided to post a video telling her story about how she was blackmailed, physical and psychological abused. Bullying is a social problematic and a global issue which touches most of the population, because it does not only happen at schools, you can also be witness of this in companies, or any other community. The website Bullying. rg defines bullying as â€Å"a learned behavior. It is when a person or group tries to hurt or control another person in a harmful way. † Rosa Castillo (2013), teacher of a public school in Bogota, Colombia, said that â€Å"bullying is an action which lasts on kid for a long time, and this is one of the reasons why students start a low performance on schools†. According to stopbullying. gov, the types of bullying included, verbal bullying, is tell bad things to someone (name-calling, teasing); social bullying, involves damage somebody? reputation (embarrass a person in public, spread a gossip, leaves somebody aside); and the last type is physical bullying, hurts somebody? s objects or body (punching, break of stuff). Furthermore, the increases of technology uses on young population and the lack of parents control about it, is making easier to develop a field of bullying on the web. This type of bullying is known as ciberbullying, which take place at using the electronic device and social networks. Read more:  Essay on the person you admire the most This kind of bullying is a little bit harder with the victims, as it could happen 7/24 (7 days a week and 24 hour a day), also ciberbullying spread fast all on the web, reaching all the person? s contacts. A lot of kids believe, that making others feel less than he, would make him better. The truth is some of this kids has an issue that thy want to hide from the others, that? s why, they use bullying as a defense mechanism. Another possible answer for the behavior is they want to call the attention of someone (parent, group of friend). On the other hand, is important the role of parents or big sister/brother, because most of the times these are the one kids admire and want to follow. Teacher Rosa, explain that the kids more likely to being bullied are the ones who are considered weak. And the bullies are those who are more popular around the group or are strong. Some people consider that bullying is a stage of the childhood and it will have an ending. Last statement is totally false, bullying is a problematic and it has to receive treatment. Bullies and bullied, both will have a short and long term consequences. But the victimizers are more likely to experience the consequences in long term. The bullies are more susceptible to get involve in dangerous activities (vandalize, physical fights, abuse of alcohol or/and drugs), and also they are more likely to experience bullying as his behavior does not fit in the environment of work. The psychologist Dan Olweus, of Norway, found on his study that about 60% of schools students in Scandinavian countries who were bullies had one or more incidents of being convicted of a crime by the time they were 24 years old. On the other hand, the victims might experience the consequences from the first time of bullying, such as low self-esteem, anxiety, sleep difficulties, missing classes, and so on. One of the most worried consequences is that the victims could become violent, toward themselves or with the community, as the bullied would want revenge of all the public embarrassed he had passed. As we can see on the newspaper and all over the news, in the last years, the number of bullycides (is a term used to describe suicide as the result of bullying) of young people increasing alarmingly in the entire world.

Marc Antony’s Soliloquy: An Analysis

My transformation of the Shakespearean text employs many different grammatical features to create an effective, modern version of Marc Antony’s soliloquy. Features such as nominalisation, paragraphing and abstract noun groups are a few of the features used. My transformation is suitable for modern audiences, using both language and people that today’s society is familiar with. My transformed version of the soliloquy uses many grammatical techniques and features to make it as interesting and grammatically correct as possible, whilst making it a piece of writing that people today are used to reading and/or hearing. Nominalisation is an important grammatical feature, which allows you to increase the levels of linguistic complexity as the text becomes more abstract, through leaving out the action of the nominalised verb. Words like ability, possibly and determination are all examples of nominalisation, and give more meaning into a sentence without needing to make the sentence longer than necessary. Overall, this gives the text as a whole more depth and meaning. The paragraphing used sets out the different ideas being introduced into the text, organising them into different paragraphs where all the ideas flow together. Sentence structures tie together the text, ensuring that ideas flow and it is more interesting for the reader. Using different sentence types, like compound and complex, mixes up the text a bit and keeps readers engaged as they continue to read the text. Obviously, people are more likely to continue to read something if they are interested in it, and I wanted my speech to engage readers and listeners. Clause combinations help to set out and organise ideas nicely, using different types of sentences to again create interest. I have used abstract noun groups to involve the listeners in the text, letting them connect with the speech through them using their pre-conceived ideas of what the words mean. Abstract nouns, being things that you can’t actually see or touch, means that listeners have to substitute in what their meaning of the word is, therefore making them think about the text more. I wanted my speech to make people think, and the use of abstract nouns helps to achieve that. Abstract noun groups such as ‘kind-hearted and generous, strong willed and fair’ are examples of this. When I first started the modern version, I had in my mind a clear image of what I wanted it to be like. With using the different techniques and features, I believe I’ve reached my idea of what I wanted. One of the hardest things that I was faced with when I started to re-write the soliloquy was who to write about, and who’s perspective to write from. After a lot of thought, I finally decided on Margaret Thatcher and Tony Blair. I thought that it would be a good fit, for numerous reasons. Both Caesar and Thatcher were controversial people. Both had their lovers and their haters, and there was never really an in between. They were both major political figures of their time, and had large effects on their society during their rein. Not only did I feel they shared many similarities, but I’ve always been interested in Thatcher. It seems that both Caesar and Thatcher were very strong-willed, and knew exactly what they wanted. In Antony’s speech, he was mainly paying tribute to Caesar, and I knew that a figure such as Tony Blair would do the same for Thatcher. Having both speeches set at a funeral made sure that similarities were kept, same as the references to ‘after a person dies, the bad is remembered and the good forgotten’. Whilst I tried as much as I could to modernise the text, I tried to keep it quite formal. This is obviously because the speech is being performed by an ex-Prime Minister at another ex-Prime Minister’s funeral, which is quite the formal occasion. In the Shakespearean version, Antony talks about how Brutus says that Caesar is an honourable man, but he believes differently. In my version, Blair speaks about how many people often loathed Thatcher. In this, I have both similarities and differences. The language I have used is more modern, employing slang and generally newer ways of speaking. Overall, I’m very happy with my transformation of the Shakespearean text. The different grammatical features used has made the soliloquy very effective. My version is suitable for modern readers, and follows the basic storyline the original soliloquy uses.