The Philippines Drug Policy - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 1953 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/07/31 Category Law Essay Level High school Tags: War On Drugs Essay Did you like this example? I know [Elvin] was sleeping, because it was 3:30 a.m. It was very quiet, like a twilight zone. The police entered my house†no knocking or anything. I asked, ?Why are you there? They didnt respond. I said, Sir, please! Sir, stop! Sir, please! Each time, I heard a shot. Sir, please! Shot. Sir, stop! Shot. It was six [gunshots] in total. They say my son shot them. No. They say my son ran. No. (If You Are Poor, You Are Killed 22). On June 30, 2016, Rodrigo Duterte assumed office as the new President of the Philippines. This day would forever change the lives of many of the Philippines most vulnerable citizens: the poor and those addicted to drugs. The new president was elected by winning 39% of the popular vote. His biggest campaign promise? His commitment to free the country of ?undesirables; namely drug dealers and drug users. To achieve this goal, he initiated a domestic drug policy more commonly known as the Philippine Drug War. Since this policy was enacted, more than 12,000 Filipino citizens have been killed either by police forces or other citizens in extrajudicial killings (Palatino). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Philippines Drug Policy" essay for you Create order Police operate with raids and are known to knock on the door of suspects and kill them on sight. The quote above is merely one example of a recount of police violence in a Filipino citizens home. The Filipino public are urged by the government to fight against their neighbors thought to be involved with drugs, either reporting them to the police or killing them themselves. The problem is growing with more and more Filipinos victimized by the government every day. At the heart of the Philippine drug war lies the ?Oplan Tokhang project or ?Knock and Plead Operation Plan (If You Are Poor, You Are Killed 19). A major aspect of this project is a list compiled by police and community members of all the suspected drug dealers and users in a particular community. This list is then submitted to municipal and police authorities. Police officers in these communities often identify users or dealers based on personal knowledge or opinion, not evidence (If You Are Poor, You Are Killed 20). The police officers then use these lists to target houses where they will knock on the doors and demand that a person surrender to the police. The families of those targeted identify two potential responses from the drug user. They can either refuse to surrender, and potentially face death, or they can surrender in which they must ?voluntarily provide information, fingerprints, photographs, accept surveillance and drug testing, and pledge that they will no longer use drugs (If You Are Poor, You Are Killed 20). Upon submitting all of this information, many drug users and dealers face aggression later from the police and the greater community. Police commonly kill citizens suspected of drug use in what are known as ?buy and bust operations. The police attempt to buy drugs from drug dealers and then supposedly kill the dealers in self defense. The use of force in self defense is extremely disputed because many of the dealers are known to not own weapons, and police are rarely injured or killed in these operations (If You Are Poor, You Are Killed 24). Additionally, many deaths labelled as ?buy and bust are actually police entering the homes of suspected dealers or users and killing them or simply killing them on the street. Even with witnesses, the police have the protection of the government, and are not being prosecuted. The president has addressed police officers saying: Do your duty,If in the process you kill 1,000 persons because you were doing your duty I will protect you, and if they will try to impeach me, I will hurry up the process and we go out of the service together (Worley). By saying this, President D uterte is essentially encouraging police officers to kill suspected drug users legally or illegally. Police are not the only ones killing citizens for drug use. President Duterte has encouraged the public numerous times to take matters into their own hands. In a campaign speech in a Manila slum, Duterte said to the public: If you know of any addicts, go ahead and kill them yourself as getting their parents to do it would be too painful (Worley). Masked gunmen are known to show up and shoot people previously identified as drug dealers from the watch list. Several of these gunmen anonymously reported to Amnesty International investigators that they were oftentimes paid by police officers for their work. The masked killers said The rate dependsIt depends by the person. Usually we dont have multiple targets per project, but [when we do], were paid per head (If You Are Poor, You Are Killed 37). The police are paying assassins to kill drug users, and there is rarely any legal action taken against the killers. These extrajudicial killings are rampant and are occurring with consent from the government at large. A country that has demonstrated an overarching compliance with drug culture would be the Netherlands. The Netherlands openly tolerates the recreational usage and possession of non-medicinal drugs in its borders (Drugs). The Dutch view a drug free society as fundamentally unattainable and believe that their drug policy should instead focus on minimizing harm from drug use. Although drugs are not technically legal in the Netherlands; the law is not enforced in many scenarios. In order to enact the drug policy in the Netherlands, the government first published the Opium Act, which distinguished between two different categories of drugs. The first, labeled ?hard drugs encompasses drugs with a high risk for harm including heroin, cocaine, amphetamines, and ecstasy. The other category, labeled ?soft drugs includes marijuana, hash, sleeping pills, and various types of sedatives (Drugs). The use and sale of hard drugs are harshly regulated by the Dutch government. It would be considered highly illegal to sell cocaine or heroin in the Netherlands. The usage and sale of soft drugs however, is ?tolerated. The Netherlands has operated under a policy of non-enforcement when it comes to the possession and sale of soft drugs. Coffee shops in the Netherlands are permitted to sell cannabis to adult Dutch citizens (Rolles). The Netherlands has enacted this policy in order to distinguish the use of drugs not identified as harms to society from drugs that can cause serious harm. Possession and sale of soft drugs is not prosecuted because they are not associated with a high risk to health (Drugs). The success of this policy is outlined with a variety of statistics. The rates of cannabis usage in the Netherlands is lower than in neighboring countries and is significantly lower than in the United States. The rates of lifetime heroin usage in the Netherlands is 1/3 that of in the United States (Rolles). In the United States, both cannabis and heroin usage are prosecuted severely by the law in most states. These statistics show an interesting correlation between the open toleration of certain drugs and their usage. Additionally, only 14% of cannabis users say they could obtain other drugs from their cannabis source as opposed to 52% in neighboring Sweden (Rolles). This statistic in particular indicates the way in which the Opium Act has benefitted the country. The government wanted to separate the sale of ?hard drugs from the sale of ?soft drugs, making it much more difficult to find hard drugs in places where soft drugs are easily accessed. Although the Netherlands drug policy is extremely different from the Philippines, I believe that the Filipino government could take some aspects of the Netherlands policy in distinguishing between the use of drugs associated with harm and the use of drugs not associated with harm. Because Dutertes campaign focuses so much on how drugs are a harm to society, it would be beneficial to scientifically and socially identify which drugs are actually causing a public nuisance and which drugs are solely providing the user with a personal high. The separation of drugs by type could provide Dutertes administration with a more comprehensive understanding of their true affect on society. Additionally, the general concept of toleration for others could ensure that citizens are not getting murdered by the government for having an addiction. Amnesty International, a globally influential non-governmental organization focused on human rights launched an investigation into the Philippines War on Drugs in January of 2017. They interviewed many families of victims, police officers, and low level members of the presidential administration. Following the investigation, the organization expressed deeply held concern with the killings, and identifies them as potential crimes against humanity (If You Are Poor, You Are Killed 62). The organization offered several recommendations to a variety of leaders in the Philippines and abroad. To President Duterte, they suggest he immediately order an end to all police operations involving unnecessary or excessive use of force, in particular the use of lethal force during the arrest of suspected drug offenders (If You Are Poor, You Are Killed 62). This suggestion would require the police to avoid using excessive force when dealing with criminals and would also encourage the legal system to fairly and justly prosecute police involved in arrests involving injury and death. The organization also calls on him to end the use of any language that calls for or excuses violence against alleged drug offendersand recant previous use of such language (If You Are Poor, You Are Killed 62). I believe this suggestion would have particular impact on the situation in the Philippines. The President of a nation acts as their spokesperson, and a role model for its citizens. When the President is verbally encouraging something as heinous as murder, it makes it seems as though murder is a socially acceptable activity if the result is supposedly reduced crime. Dutertes withdrawal of his previous statements could prove influential in changing the mindset of many Filipino citizens. Amnesty International additionally offered recommendations to the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court. The organization states that Unless key steps recommended here are promptly taken, initiate a preliminary examination into unlawful killings in the Philippines violent anti-drug campaign and related crimes under the Rome Statute, including the involvement of government officials, irrespective of rank and status (If You Are Poor, You Are Killed 66). The Rome Statute was the statute that established the International Criminal Court. It established four international crimes: crimes against humanity, genocide, war crimes, and the crime of aggression. Under this statute, the court can investigate and prosecute crimes in which the government of a country is non complicit in an investigation (Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court). Encouraging the International Criminal Court to investigate the killings in the Philippines would incite a global reaction to the crimes. In February of 2018, the International Criminal Court did in fact launch an investigation into the situation. Chief Prosecutor of the Court, Fatou Bensouda declared any person in the Philippines who incites or engages in acts of mass violence including by ordering, requesting, encouraging or contributing, in any other manner, to the commission of crimes within the jurisdiction of the ICC is potentially liable to prosecution before the Court (Santos). In response to this, Duterte continues to deny that he has any role in condoning the killings. Today, many police officers and members of Dutertes government continue to avoid prosecution for the crimes committed against Filipino citizens. Instead of being admitted into drug addiction therapy, people are being murdered for using or selling drugs. This policy is harming families and communities around the Philippines. The lack of concern for the wellbeing of some of the most vulnerable members of the Filipino society from the government is extremely harrowing. Hopefully one day the greater international community can figure out a way to stop these atrocities from continuing to occur.

Mental Illness And Its Effects On Society Essay - 1475 Words

While researching different media outlets that portrayed mental illness in their articles, there were some that continuously popped up in my searches. For example, CTV News and CBC News were two of many sources that contained the articles regarding an Ottawa man who was found not criminally responsible (NCR) last Thursday after he attacked a stranger with a hammer. At the time of the attack, Weber was on his way back to a transitional group home. He d been released from the Royal Ottawa Mental Health Centre less than two months earlier and was under a care plan prepared by his psychiatrist. He got off the bus, went into a grocery store and purchased a hammer and a knife. When Weber emerged from the store, he attacked an unsuspecting 55-year-old Ghebrehiwet suddenly and without provocation from behind, smashing him repeatedly in the head and face with the hammer. The multiple blows caused numerous lacerations and fractures to Ghebrehiwet s face and resulted in the partial and permanent loss of vision in his left eye. The attack only ended when a bystander intervened. Weber was arrested three days later after staff from the home where he was living recognized him from video surveillance released by police. Weber’s lawyer had argued in court that Weber was in a psychotic state that evening, the result of his paranoid schizophrenia. The dis ease is treatable, but in Weber s case the drugs he takes sometimes fail, and voices in his head convince him to lash out. JudgeShow MoreRelatedMental Illness And Its Effects On Society1405 Words   |  6 Pagesonce stated, â€Å"Mental illness is nothing to be ashamed of, but stigma and bias shame us all.† Mental illness comes with multiple influences towards the daily life of an individual. On one hand, these individuals must try to manage the symptoms that arise with their disease. Mental health disorders can affect the way individuals perform at their jobs, their social life, and even being able to live alone (Corrigan Penn, 1997). On the other hand, the way society tends to view mental illnesses leadsRead MoreMental Illness And Its Effect On Society2346 Words   |  10 Pagesheart diseases, in the same context, mental illness is a general phrase used for a group of illnesses affecting cognition (Department of Health, 2015). People faced with mental illness are been stigmatized and assumed by the society to be dangerous, dirty, worthless, and unpredictable. This amongst other reasons is why most people refuse the introduction of a mental health clinic in the community (Meadows et al., 2012). Even though Patient with severe mental illness treated in the community have shownRead MoreMental Illness And Its Effects On Society1164 Words   |  5 Pagesthrough the terrain of life, people might struggle with keeping up with daily routines and the demands of day to day living; Although life seems tough from the outset, problems of mental health place more obstacles upon the individual and his or her family and friends. Without a doubt, there are many expectations that society or one may have. For instance, getting eight hours of sleep, having a social life, exercising at least an hour a day, working towards a good career, going to school, pursuing personalRead MoreMental Illness And Its Effects On Society1461 Words   |  6 Pages Mental illness affects millions of people in the United States and in other countries. Disabling mental illness is seen in and out of local hospitals and other skilled nursing facilities daily. Timby and Smith (2011) define schizophrenia as a thought disorder characterized by deterioration in mental functioning, disturbances in sensory perception, and changes in affect. Schizophrenia effects about one percent of the population and shows no regard to ethnicity, culture, or environmentRead MoreMental Illness And Its Effects On Society985 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction In the United States, there are many people who suffer from a mental illness. Mental illness is described as causing disruptions in one’s emotional state, thought processes, and behaviors. When analyzing this this concept, one can see that mental illness is a blanket term that encompasses a wide array of mental disorders that range from mild or to severe. No one completely understands the direct cause of mental illness. Some believe that it is attributed to a biological component which arguesRead MoreMental Illness And Its Effects On The Society946 Words   |  4 PagesWhether someone is struggling on schoolwork or contemplating suicide, it is typical to feel pity for their situation. As a result, society works towards helping those who struggle with worse mental health through various resources such as counseling or psychopharmaceuticals. The majority of society believes that treatment for those with mental illness is beneficial to the society. However, Eric G. Wilson, the Thomas H. Pritchard Professor of English at Wake Forest University and leading expert in the relationshipsRead MoreMental Illness And Its Effects On Society Essay1923 Words   |  8 Pagesindividuals, who live or know of someone who is living with some form of mental illness. These individuals have many barriers placed upon them by society and have fallen victim to negative social stigmas. Individuals who are experiencing a mental crisis whether it may be a result of a diagnosed mental illness or an erratic episode brought on by mental instability have had negative social stigmas placed on them from almost entire societies. These negative stigmas come from the lack of knowledge and negativeRead MoreMental Illness And Its Effects On The Workplace And Society Of Peru874 Words   |  4 Pagesnot until my uncle’s physical condition was so severely impacted that he was taken to a private doctor for an evaluation. Mental illness is still very stigmatized in many parts of the wor ld, and even anxiety disorders, of which many people suffer, are judged and condemned in the workplace and society of Peru. The continuous symptoms of my uncle were called a nervous or mental breakdown when he was admitted initially, and while episodes have happened in the past, the reason given to any person withRead MoreThe Effects Of Stigma Surrounding Mental Illness1658 Words   |  7 PagesMental illness is a controversial topic in recent news. From Sandy Hook to the Aurora movie theatre shooting, the effects of mental illness have sparked fierce debate and negative stigma surrounding the issue. Mental illnesses, â€Å"patterns of thoughts, feelings, or behaviors that are deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional† (Myers 562), affect 1 in 4 people at some point in their lives (Stigma and Discrimination). However, only 59.6% of people with mental illness report receiving treatment, as theyRead MoreHomelessness and Mental Illness1095 Words   |  5 Pagesstreets, who society has forgotten. This man emits the smell of garbage; he has not bathed in months. This man sits quietly mumbling to himself . To the outer world he is just one of the many homeless, but little does society know that this man has a mental illness as well. Homelessness and mental illness are linked. These two happenings have similar beginnings. Homelessness is influenced by drug and alcohol disuse, being homeless at a young age, money problems, and trauma symptoms. Mental illness is caused

Louis Armstrong From Childhood To Adulthood Essay

Louis Armstrong: From Childhood to Adulthood nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;When you think of Louis Armstrong you probably think of a jolly middle-aged man who can play the cornet like no one else, a man who had it all, a man who had the good life. Well, Louis was not always that lucky. From childhood to his adulthood, Louis Armstrong changed much as a person and a musician. He worked very hard to become what he became and did not let anything get in the way of becoming a musician. In this paper, you will read about how Louis Armstrong became one of the most influential people/musicians of his time. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Louis Armstrong’s childhood was not of the normal childhoods most of us have had. He had a very hard and†¦show more content†¦Louis loved his grandmother but, after seven years of living with her he moved 18 blocks away to live with his mother ,Mayann. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;When he went to her house he found out that he had a new sister named Beatrice. She was nicknamed Mama Lucy. His mother would always be working long hours and drink in bars all night. That left Louis to take care of Mama Lucy and himself. Louis was luck enough to get work from a young white boy who helped him sell papers for pennies. He also sang in a street choir with some of his friends. As he got into his teen years he took up crapshooting. All of these odd jobs brought in enough money to feed Mama Lucy and himself. When working was not getting him anywhere he could always find a careless or drunk person stumbling in the streets who would drop his/her money. Also, when nothing was working at all he would occasionally steal some food from the local grocery stores. But still being just a boy he was not satisfied with the title of being the bearer of food for his family. He wanted to be and do so many things. He idolized hustlers and their easy lives. With a life like one of theirs, Louis could do more things with his life and still support his family. Also, Louis was starting to notice music. He always would admire the marching bands that would come booming down the streets and the blues that would come blasting out of all the bars and â€Å"honky tonks†. Louis just wanted to be something more than heShow MoreRelatedThe Music Of New Orleans Jazz1223 Words   |  5 Pagessimple instruments to create a distinctive musical sound. Two distinguished musicians, Louis Armstrong and Dizzy Gillespie, rose to fame with their musical talents in the jazz community around the world. These two musicians born below the Mason Dixon line would acquire their popularity by performing nationwide, but their childhood, musical careers, and legacies would be totally different. Daniel Louis Armstrong was born in New Orleans, Louisiana in the early 20th century. Being born into povertyRead MoreLouis Armstrong, A Man Who Was The Most Influential Trumpet Players Of All Of Jazz Music Essay1893 Words   |  8 Pagesthat we know today. One of these individuals is Louis Armstrong, aka Satchmo. Arguably one of the most influential trumpet players in all of Jazz music, Louis Armstrong appears to be a man who was able to accomplish fame with relative ease, when, in fact, Louis Armstrong faced many obstacles throughout his life that he had to overcome, before he was able to change the history of the music industry in our country. The society that Louis Armstrong was born into reflected extreme racial tensions andRead MoreA High School Program Should Not Be Avoided At All Costs1534 Words   |  7 PagesAs I write this, I’m in between apartments and living at home for the time being, so I’ve taken this moment of desperate, post-collegiate aimlessness solitude to clean out my childhood bedroom. The small pile of sweat-stained band t-shirts, folders of AP History notes my high school teachers insisted I’d need in college, and Mad Magazine issues are worth some nostalgic currency, but I had no idea I was stocked in pitiful high school mix CDs. Whether they were cherished tokens of affection by pastRead MoreSongs We Must Ban From High School Couples1553 Words   |  7 PagesAuthor: Tim Gagnon Category: Blog Sub: Opinion/Humor Title: 5 Songs We Must Ban From High School Couples Date: 1/19/14 As I write this, I’m in between apartments and living at home for the time being, so I’ve taken this moment of desperate, post-collegiate aimlessness solitude to clean out my childhood bedroom. The small pile of sweat-stained band t-shirts, folders of AP History notes my high school teachers insisted I’d need in college, and Mad Magazine issues are worth some nostalgic currencyRead MoreSolution Manual, Test Bank and Instructor Manuals34836 Words   |  140 PagesDear All, If you need any solution manual, testbank for testbooks from the list, do contact us anytime, we provide competitive prices and fast delivery after payment done. Contact us: smtbportal@gmail.com smtbportal(at)gmail(dot)com 2010 Corporate Partnership Estate and Gift Tax with HR Block TaxCut 4e Pratt Kulsrud Solution Manual 2010 Corporate Partnership Estate and Gift Tax with HR Block TaxCut 4e Pratt Kulsrud Test Bank 2010 Federal Taxation with HR Block TaxCut 4e Pratt Kulsrud

Freud, Adler and Jung Founders of Psychoanalytic Research...

Freud, Adler and Jung: Founders of Psychoanalytic Research Elizabeth R. Blight PSY/250 1/23/2013 Michelle Willis Introduction: There are three well-known influential thinkers who are considered to be pioneers in the field of psychology. It could be argued that without †¦., the emergence of psychology as we know it might not have ever happened, at least in its present form. Freud is considered by his modern-day counterparts to be the founding father of analytic psychology, as he is the first to have come up with an albeit rudimentary, but nevertheless valuable model of the human psyche. Prior to his groundbreaking work, the nature of human consciousness was largely debated and theorized by medical doctors and theologians.†¦show more content†¦These mechanisms can be considered normal, especially during grieving periods. Much later, Dr. Elisabeth Kubler-Ross made shock and denial one of the first stages of the grieving process, and it has been well-documented that denial can be very common if not normal as long as it doesn’t become permanent. Defense mechanisms can become ve ry unhealthy if they don’t eventually give way to directly coping with the emotions which are being denied or repressed. These defense mechanisms, in their most extreme forms can be very difficult to understand for those who haven’t shared the same experience. For example, it is very possible for a woman to be so deep in denial of a pregnancy that she will continue to menstruate up until the time of delivery. She could also attribute the normal symptoms of pregnancy with other possible explanations, i.e. morning sickness being stomach flu and the baby’s kicks being gas. A typical example of displacement can be seen with people who abuse animals or children. If a person feels they cannot express anger or aggression to a parent or significant other for fear of repercussions, they will channel the anger and direct it to the family pet or their child, who cannot fight back. Regression can be another common defense mechanism, and it usually happens when an individual is overwhelmed with anxiety and feels they cannot directly face the source of their emotions. A very common scenario is for anShow MoreRelatedPsychoanalytic Psychology : Psychoanalytic Personality Assessment1427 Words   |  6 Pages Psychoanalytic Personality Assessment Julious Campbell PSY/250 June 8, 2015 MR. MICHAEL PHILLIPS Psychoanalytic Personality Assessment Many people consider Psychology a science, which is true, applied science. Psychology is the study of the mind and behavior which has different levels with many dimensions. Psychology is compounded with many theories and studies that by trial, and error, have made psychology into the discipline that it has become today. Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, and AlfredRead MoreThe Theory Of Personality Psychology1019 Words   |  5 Pagesfrom Hippocrates’ theory that argues that personality traits are based on four different sections. This heavily influenced modern personality psychology. Three important psychologists helped shape the way humans define the term personality. Alfred Adler is one of these psychologists. Alder had a tendency to change his theory on personality throughout his life, but he believed that people are focused on maintaining control over their lives. He believed in single drive or motivating force behind ourRead MoreNeo Analytic And Ego Aspects Of Personality Theory Essay1536 Words   |  7 Pagesapproach to personality theory can be found within Freud’s psychoanalytic personality theory. Freud was one of the first theorist exploring the origin of personality. He defined personality as resulting from three aspects within the human mind, the id, ego and the superego. As more theorist began to emerge in the field of personality analysis, several of Freud’s theories were revised. Neo-Analytic and Ego Aspects emerged as theorist including Carl Jung, Alfred Alder, Erik Erickson and Karen Horney stressedRead MoreSigmund Freud Biography1317 Words   |  6 PagesSigmund Frued, Austrian physician, neurologist, and founder o f psychoanalysis. Freud was born in Freiberg (now Prà ­bor, Czech Republic), on May 6, 1856, and educated at the University of Vienna. When he was three years old his family, fleeing from the anti-Semitic riots then raging in Freiberg, moved to Leipzig. Shortly thereafter, the family settled in Vienna, where Freud remained for most of his life. Although Freud s ambition from childhood had been a career in law, he decided to become a medicalRead MorePsychoanalytic Model Paper1830 Words   |  8 PagesPsychoanalytic Model Paper 1 Psychoanalytic Model Paper Cynthia Garza 1/16/2015 Psy310- History and Systems of Psychology Instructor: Sara Molloy Psychoanalytic Model Paper 2 Psychoanalytic Model Paper When we talk about Psychoanalytic theory the first name that comes to mind is Sigmund Freud. Even though they are other psychologists that contributed to psychoanalytic theory and its development, Sigmund Freud is known for being the founder of this theory. He is famous for his work on sexualRead MoreCognitive Behavioral Theory Of Psychology Essay1764 Words   |  8 Pagescalled Cognitive Therapy, which became known for its effective treatment of depression. By the late 1970s it was clear that Cognitive Behavioral Therapy was not just a phase. It had become a more frequent topic at conventions, in journals, and in research, and it had become more integrated into behavioral psychotherapies. Cognitive therapy is thus born and with it, the second wave of Behavioral Therapy. Slowly, â€Å"Mindfulness† was becoming the focus, and the third wave is born. Mindfulness has manyRead MorePyschoanalytic Personalities Essay Notes9106 Words   |  37 PagesIndividual Psychoanalytic Personality Assessment | Write a 1,050- to 1,400-word paper analyzing the components of the psychoanalytic approach to personality. Your paper should cover the following areas: * Compare and contrast the psychoanalytic theories of Freud, Jung, and Adler. What are two characteristics of these theories with which you agree? What are two characteristics with which you disagree? * Describe the stages of Freud’s theory and explain characteristics of personality usingRead More Discussing Developmental Theorists and Their Theories of Human Development5003 Words   |  21 Pagesinclude the psychoanalytic school, behavioral school, humanistic school, cognitive school, and the individual schools of psychology. Each developmental theorist holds their own unique ideas and theories about various components of human development. I will be discussing the contributions of each of these theorists. To begin with we have the psychoanalytic school of psychology. This would include Sigmund Freud, Erik Erikson, and Elisabeth Kubler-Ross. I will begin with Sigmund Freud who was theRead MoreThe Unconscious Conscious : The Psychodynamic Approach1971 Words   |  8 Pagesvarious psychologists which focus closely on an individual’s unconscious drives, and see how these drives relate to one’s personality. The most prominent psychologists who have contributed to the psychodynamic approach include Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Erik Erikson, and Karen Horney. Unlike the behavior approach to psychology which leans towards understanding the science behind behavior and how external factors help stimulate these behaviors, psychodynamics attempts to look into one’sRead MoreThe Theories Of Personality Have Been Developed Over Hundreds Of Years Essay1945 Words   |  8 Pagesstill many varying opinions of what exactly defines a person’s personality, with jus t as much research, if not more. Over the last few decades, technology has surpassed what most have ever believed to be possible, creating not only a new world for people to interact, learn and relate in, but also created an unnatural dependence on various social media outlets. Sigmund Freud is credited with being the founder of psychoanalysis. Freud’s theory of psychoanalysis is defined by Boundless as â€Å"the result

Wireless sensor network and its Applications Free Essays

Introduction Wireless sensor networks use sensing techniques to gather information about a phenomenon and react to the events in a specified environment by the means of Sensors. These small, inexpensive, smart devices, which are connected through wireless links, provide unique opportunities for controlling and monitoring environments. Technically, a sensor translates the information from the physical world into signals and prepares them for analysis and processing. We will write a custom essay sample on Wireless sensor network and its Applications or any similar topic only for you Order Now The terms, Wireless Nodes, Sensor nodes and motes can be used interchangeably in different contexts. Here we refer to them as motes. Motes are typically produced in large quantities and are usually densely distributed in the network. Their size(or their components size) varies from macroscopic- scale to microscopic or even sometimes nanoscopic-scale. â€Å"Micro-sensors with on-board processing and wireless interfaces can be utilized to study and monitor a variety of phenomena and environments at close proximity.† A mote is consisted of four major components: Processing Unit: For data processing and â€Å"managing the procedures that make the motes collaborate with other nodes to carry out the assigned sensing tasks.† Sensing Unit: To sense the physical world and convert the data into digital signal ready for processing. Transceiver Unit: To provide the connection of nodes in the network. Power Unit: To supply energy for the device components. Based on the application, motes may have some additional components such as location finding system, mobilizer and power generator. These components should be put together in a way to fit in a small size module, be adaptive to different environments and consume as little power as possible. The components of a mote Figure is a representation of data acquisition about a phenomena (Process) in the real world which can be sensed by a sensor. The sensed signal needs often needs some changing in order to be processed (Signal Conditioning). For example in order to make the signal range appropriate for conversion some changes on signal magnitude is needed through signal amplification. Unwanted noise can also be removed through this stage. The analog signal is then transformed to digital signal by using ADC and is ready for further processing or storage. Data acquisition and actuation Applications: Wireless sensor networks can be used in places where wired systems cannot be deployed (e.g., a remote or dangerous area). It can also be used in commercial products to improve the performance or quality of them or provide convenience for their users. Sensor can sense many different variables such as: temperature, humidity, pressure and movement. They can sense an environment continuously or they can be event driven and sense an event when it occurs. Wireless sensor networks can support a wide range of applications. Battlefield surveillance, Bridge and highway monitoring, Earthquake detection, Habitat Monitoring, Health care, Industrial monitoring and control, Tracking wildfires, Traffic flow and surveillance, Video surveillance and Weather monitoring are few examples of its applications. Military Applications One of the first applications of sensor network was military sensing. WSN could be used for monitoring the critical equipment, vehicle or weapons to make sure they are in a proper condition. Terrains, paths and roads could be monitored to sense the presence of opposing forces. They also can be used to enhance the targeting system of ammunitions. Human teams can be replaced by sensor networks in places affected by biological and chemical warfare or incidents in order to perform nuclear reconnaissance and prevent humans to be exposed to radiations. Traffic surveillance Traffic surveillance is another example of WSN applications. Sensors are placed in predefined places to gather data and send it via wireless links to data centres for further processing. This data can be beneficial for statistical purposes such as vehicle count per day, the number of cars per lane and the average speed of vehicles. It can also be useful for real time applications such as traffic flow monitoring, incident reporting and managing the traffic lights in order to prevent heavy traffics. Real-time traffic flow control Medical Applications: Wireless sensor network benefits are being explored by many hospitals and medical centres around the world. As it can be seen in Figure sensors can be implanted in patient body or connected to him in order to collect information about his vital signs such as heart beat, blood pressure and oxygen level in blood. This information can be transferred patient’s medical record for future examinations and long-term inspections. It also can be displayed in real-time or alert physicians based on the sensor program in case of any sudden change in under-care patient condition. http://www.infotech.oulu.fi/Annual/2007/opme.html Realization of these various applications requires wireless ad hoc networking techniques. However they are not suitably designed for special features and applications of sensor networks. WSN vs. Mobile Adhoc Netoworks [12] Although there are lots of similarities between Mobile ad networks (MANET) and WSN for instance their lack of network infrastructure, use of multi-hop routing and wireless channel, there are some major differences to point out. Nodes in MANET are designed for human interaction such as laptop and PDAs, whereas in WSN motes are usually left unattended in remote or dangerous locations with the least possible interactions. In WSN â€Å"the topology of the network may change dynamically† due to node failure. It can happen because sometimes motes in some specific areas may be damaged and fail. In some network topologies motes have a sleep/awake cycle in order to save energy, so the topology needs to change when a mote is not available at a specific time. In WSN unlike MANETs the source of energy is limited and the nodes are sometimes left unattended in places where there is no access to them to change or recharge their batteries. â€Å"The range of communications is typically within a few meters and at low rates (some kilobits per second); there are typically a few kilobytes of memory and the processor may operate at speeds of only some megahertz.† Mote design and communication aspect of WSN is totally application dependent and changes based on different application requirements. Motes in some wireless sensor applications remain sleep for the most of their lifetime and transfer their information in a timely basis in order to save energy. So the traffic flow in the network is almost infrequent and delay time is usually higher than MANET networks. Overview of 802.15.4 1-http://www.ieee802.org/15/pub/TG4.html - IEEE 802.15 WPANâ„ ¢ Task Group 4 (TG4) 2-http://www.zigbee.org/Specifications.aspx a ZigBee Alliance the Official Website 3-http://www.eetimes.com/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=173600329 - EE Times: The global electronics engineering community The IEEE 802.15.4 and the Zigbee alliance have been working together in order to improve WSN efficiency, safety, security, reliability and convenience of this technology. IEEE 802.15.4 focuses on physical layer and MAC layer at the 868MHz (Europe), 915MHz (US) and 2.4GHz (worldwide) ISM bands whereas Zigbee alliances work on higher level protocols. â€Å"The IEEE 802.15 was chartered to investigate a low data rate solution with multi-month to multi-year battery life and very low complexity. It is operating in an unlicensed, international frequency band.† â€Å"Some of the characteristics of IEEE 802.15.4 include: Data rates of 250 kbps, 40 kbps, and 20 kbps CSMA-CA(Carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance) channel access Fully handshaked protocol for transfer reliability Power management to ensure low power consumption 16 channels in the 2.4GHz ISM band, 10 channels in the 915MHz I and one channel in the 868MHz band.† â€Å"The ZigBee specification enhances the IEEE 802.15.4 standard by adding network and security layers and an application framework. From this foundation, Alliance developed standards, technically referred to as public application profiles, can be used to create a multi-vendor interoperable solutions. For custom application where interoperability is not required, manufacturers can create their own manufacturer specific profiles.† [2]Some of the characteristics of ZigBee include: Global operation in the 2.4GHz frequency band according to IEEE 802.15.4 Regional operation in the 915Mhz (Americas) and 868Mhz (Europe). Frequency agile solution operating over 16 channels in the 2.4GHz frequency Incorporates power saving mechanisms for all device classes [802]IEEE 802.15.4 standard defines PHY (physical layer) and MAC (medium access control) layer for the purpose of low data rate wireless communications which consume very low power. Physical Layer Some of the main characteristics of the PHY are the processes of sensing the environment, turning on/off the transceiver, estimating the receiver power/link quality indication and transmitting/receiving the information between two nodes. It finally sends the result of channel assessment to the MAC layer. The PHY is responsible for providing two services: PHY Data Service: â€Å"Enables the transmission and reception of PHY protocol data units (PPDUs) across the physical radio channel. PHY management service There are different frequency bands and data rates which a device should be able to operate with which are summarized in Table ?. Table – Frequency bands and data rates Mac Layer MAC layer provides access to the physical radio channel to transmit MAC frames. Some of the main characteristics of MAC sublayer are network beaconing, frame validation, Guarantees time slots (GTS) and handles node associations. The MAC layer is responsible for providing two services: MAC Data Service: â€Å"Enables the transmission and reception of MAC protocol data units (MPDUs) across the PHY data service.† MAC Management Service IEEE 802.15.4 MAC can work with both beacon enabled and non-beacon models. When it is on non-beacon model it is a simple CSMA/CA protocol but in beacon enable mode it works with super frame structure, shown in Fig. The frame starts with a Beacon which is sent by coordinator periodically. The frame also contains inactive period and active period. During the inactive period the device switches to low power mode and communicate with others during active period. The Beacon Interval is calculated based different attributes. In Active period the portion is divided into 16 slots which consist of three parts: Connection Access Period (CAP), Collision Free Period (CFP) (the GTS sections within it is for specific nodes) and the beacon. Fig Superframe structure Network Topologies ZigBee supports 3 types of topologies: Star, Mesh(peer-to-peer) and Cluster tree as shown in Fig . – Star topology: In this topology the communication is only between the single central controller called Personal Area Network (PAN) coordinator and other devices in the network which is mostly suitable for small networks such as single hop networks. A PAN coordinator usually has a unique identifier which is only used by this specific coordinator and allows different star networks to operate separately in the same area. – Mesh topology: This topology also has a PAN coordinator like Star topology but with the difference of having communication not only between coordinator and devices but between devices as well when they are in the range of one another. Although it makes the network structure more complex, but as a result of allowing multi-hop routing it is suitable for large networks. It also can be an adhoc network with self-healing and self-organizing characteristics. – Cluster tree topology: Cluster tree network is a form of peer-to-peer network. One coordinator operates as a PAN coordinator which has the responsibility of defining Cluster Heads (CH). The CH is a kind of Full Function Device (FFD) which can act as a coordinator. Each Reduced Function Device (RFD) then can selects its CH and joins that cluster. This kind of structure has a great impact on energy saving in the network which will be discussed later. Fig Topology Model Energy Conservation and measurement: [24]A wireless sensor network is created with hundreds or thousands of sensor motes, distributed independently in a remote area with the responsibility of sensing the environment, processing information and communicating with other motes in the network for years with a limited source of energy provided by a small battery which is almost impossible to be changed or recharged during motes life time. Therefore the concept of energy consumption management in the network has become one of the most important aspects of wireless sensor network design and implementation. The power saving approach has affected the mote design, power management strategies, communication and routing protocols of the WSN. Generally energy saving methods are divided in two major categories: Energy saving at Mote level; aims to selects the most energy efficient components of the device and trade off unnecessary operations in order to save energy based on the application requirements. Energy saving at Communication level; selecting the most efficient communication methods and protocols to conserve energy at this level. Power saving at mote level: The first step in saving energy at mote level is to find out where the energy is consumed in the mote. As it was mentioned before, a mote consists of 4 components: Processing Unit, Sensor, Transceiver and a Power supply to provide energy for the mentioned parts. Based on the experimental measurements in [40] data transmission is more energy consuming that data processing. Passive sensors such as temperature sensors on the other hand consume a small amount of power compared to other components which is almost usually negligible. Table shows a power model of a Mica2 mote in different states. How to cite Wireless sensor network and its Applications, Essay examples

Enjoyment of Being a Girl Overcoming Industry Sta Essay Example For Students

Enjoyment of Being a Girl: Overcoming Industry Sta Essay ndards Have you ever been looking at a magazine and notice you are not what a guy wants? Or have you ever sat and watched television and then proceeded to look into the mirror and feel so badly about your appearance that you felt depressed? Many women in todays world experience these same feelings each time they come in contact with some type of media. The media has always used women as a way to sell products or used them as propaganda, but how far is too far? The media is a large source of entertainment for women of today. Women spend the majority of their time looking at magazines for latest fashions or trends. These media sources all share one subject: negative images of women. These places all share one thing; negative images of women. Women are being used as a sex object and are not portrayed how the average woman looks. These portrayals can lead to loss of self-esteem and also weight loss. Women should know that they need their spiritual health to live happily and not be influenced by the images that the media portray as the perfect body. Women need to have a feeling of being safe, powerful and comfortable within their own bodies. Media has a negative impact on the way women feel about their bodies, says Julie Parsons a clinical social worker (WVU). The media is such a huge influence in peoples lives sometimes they dont realize it. As women are walking down the street, the media can influence them. As people are riding in the car, the media can influence them. And even as people are sitting in the comfort of their own home, the media can influence them. The media is everywhere influencing our lives; from television to magazines to the Internet (Medias Negative). As a woman grows older she often finds it difficult to be secure in her own body. America has a desirable standard that many women want and try to live up too (Medias not). This is why the media has so many young women that are extremely underweight for their height and bone structure. Weight and shape concerns are influenced by the media (Medias portrayal). This desirable standard has so many women feeling obese that women cannot think about themselves in a healthy way, which is an enormous problem. The culture of todays society is surrounded by looks. People in society believe they have to have the right car, the right cigarette, the right food, and the right attitude; all with the right body (Smith). But what society doesnt see is that 99% of women can never live up to the body type the media presents (Medias portrayal). It is as though the media is a bad demand out for no good because Americas standards are so unrealistic (Medias not). The media paints a picture of unrealistic body images that make people feel they dont fit and cant fit in, said Shelly Perlin a Sciences Major (WVU). Women come into the world with a sense of innocence and no worries and then once they reach a certain age, they start feeling a sense of security if they have what others have, or if they are the perfect women. Women have to face so many different standards within a short span of life that they do not always know what is right. The media is a major influence and influences society beyond its knowledge (Medias). The media is so influential that it does not allow people to make their own personal judgments (Medias ticket). Some people feel as though the media is not all to blame for negative body images. Television and Magazines have a high impact on women today. In television the majority of female characters on T.V. are thin (Medias not). Statistics show that the average adolescent girls unrealistic body images are due to the three to four hours of T. .udf7cd6c9efe5a199e1bb4650b73d3503 , .udf7cd6c9efe5a199e1bb4650b73d3503 .postImageUrl , .udf7cd6c9efe5a199e1bb4650b73d3503 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .udf7cd6c9efe5a199e1bb4650b73d3503 , .udf7cd6c9efe5a199e1bb4650b73d3503:hover , .udf7cd6c9efe5a199e1bb4650b73d3503:visited , .udf7cd6c9efe5a199e1bb4650b73d3503:active { border:0!important; } .udf7cd6c9efe5a199e1bb4650b73d3503 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .udf7cd6c9efe5a199e1bb4650b73d3503 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .udf7cd6c9efe5a199e1bb4650b73d3503:active , .udf7cd6c9efe5a199e1bb4650b73d3503:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .udf7cd6c9efe5a199e1bb4650b73d3503 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .udf7cd6c9efe5a199e1bb4650b73d3503 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .udf7cd6c9efe5a199e1bb4650b73d3503 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .udf7cd6c9efe5a199e1bb4650b73d3503 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .udf7cd6c9efe5a199e1bb4650b73d3503:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .udf7cd6c9efe5a199e1bb4650b73d3503 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .udf7cd6c9efe5a199e1bb4650b73d3503 .udf7cd6c9efe5a199e1bb4650b73d3503-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .udf7cd6c9efe5a199e1bb4650b73d3503:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Children And Art Therapy EssayV. they watch (WVU). After women watch at least thirty minutes of T.V. or advertisements with thin women, they show signs of guilt, depression, shame, and body dissatisfaction (Medias Negative). According to the University of Missouri-Columbia studies, the average woman that becomes so .

China intentions Essay Example For Students

China intentions Essay Osama bin Laden has done Communist China a favor. Because the minds of President Bush and congressional leaders are so concentrated on the war on terrorism, they have all but ignored Beijings aggressive military buildup. A strong possibility exists that by focusing so closely on Iraq, a focus that is understandable considering how unsettled the situation is, the United States could miss developments that could affect its standing in the rest of the world. Among the many uncertainties of the Asian security environment, none is more compelling than that surrounding the modernization program of the Chinese Peoples Liberation Army. For some observers, the combination of economic growth and force improvement signals Beijings intention to establish regional supremacy. Others acknowledge that the PLA can spoil the United States interests; however, Beijings interest in regional stability, and the growing conventional capabilities of other regional powers, they tend to discount a PLA military threat. Chinese secrecy compounds the difficulty. Chinas armed forces may not be a direct threat to the United States, but are good enough to cause plenty of trouble in their region and will be better in the future. China is one of the few nations to increase its defense spending in the post cold-war world, and is engaged in a major effort to upgrade its weapons capability for a possible quick strike on Taiwan. Taiwan would face an enormous challenge in r epelling a determined Chinese attack. The island is too close to the mainland and too inferior in forces to hold out indefinitely. Its technological advantages would enable it to prolong the struggle, but not defeat China. If the United States were to get involved, it would face a nuclear-armed adversary capable of striking its American shores. That is not likely to happen, but it has to be kept in mind. China has greater military power today than it did a decade ago. If Beijing were willing to pay the price, the PLA could wreak great damage. In assessing Chinas future threat potential, it is essential to consider the economic, political, and strategic constraints on PLA modernization. Such considerations suggest that the PLA is years away from achieving the capability to project military force in a sustained manner. Chinas likely future strategic intentions can be difficult to predict and there are many theories put forth by many different experts. Defense budgets can be a useful, even a critical, indicator of national defense priorities, policies, strategies, and capabilities. The size of a countrys defense budget, the rate of growth or decline in its military expenditures, and what it spends its defense dollars on can reveal much about a countrys strategic intentions and future military plans. Defense budgets can also be a good indicator of a countrys military modernization priori ties and therefore its possible future military capabilities. Finally, military expenditures can serve as a gauge of a nations defense commitment and resolve or its potential to threaten others. The PLA is developing six distinct types of fighters, more than any nation, and a new mobile strategic missile that Air Force Intelligence calls a significant threat to US forces in the Pacific and portions of the continental United States. Chinas recent weapons purchases from Russia comprise advanced warplanes, two guided-missile destroyers, and top-of-the-line artillery. The Office of Naval Intelligence reported that Beijings leaders are committed to deploying a 40,000-ton-class aircraft carrier by 2010. US defense officials are reluctant to openly characterize China as a threat, or even potential threat, but Chinas march to acquire sophisticated weapons, combined with a raft of troubling statements issued by Chinese military officials, has raised new concerns about the worlds most populous nation. The head of US Pacific Command, maintains that US forces are far superior to anything fielded by the Chinese PLA. However, he said he is under no illusions about the potential dangers th at a rearmed China could pose in another decade or so. China is also purchasing weapons from other countries to include the former Soviet Union; among Chinas new weapons are purchases from Russia, including guided missile destroyers and diesel-electric powered attack submarines that could threaten American warships. Outside experts on the Chinese military said it remained impossible to state with certainty Chinas military intentions. China could be preparing to challenge the United States and its allies, Asian or otherwise, for dominance of the Asia-Pacific region. China has expanded its national security objectives, has changed its patterns in the use of military force, is developing a modern war machine and sea control capability and, is attempting to build an anti-American and anti-West alliance. There can only be one reason for these activities. These are not moves directed at local opponents or guided by the principles of self-defense. This is a move aimed at the worlds sole re maining superpower, the United States. American world dominance rests on the fact that it is master of the North and South American continent, the oceans that surround that land mass, and a forward presence in strategically important regions of the world such as, Western Europe, the Persian Gulf, and Asia. If China and the PLA can marginalize the United States in Asia, then they can challenge the United States mantle as the worlds only superpower. Only time will tell if they can be successful in their ambition. .ud425ac44aaf8b52df96c1ea42a6ccd69 , .ud425ac44aaf8b52df96c1ea42a6ccd69 .postImageUrl , .ud425ac44aaf8b52df96c1ea42a6ccd69 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud425ac44aaf8b52df96c1ea42a6ccd69 , .ud425ac44aaf8b52df96c1ea42a6ccd69:hover , .ud425ac44aaf8b52df96c1ea42a6ccd69:visited , .ud425ac44aaf8b52df96c1ea42a6ccd69:active { border:0!important; } .ud425ac44aaf8b52df96c1ea42a6ccd69 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud425ac44aaf8b52df96c1ea42a6ccd69 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud425ac44aaf8b52df96c1ea42a6ccd69:active , .ud425ac44aaf8b52df96c1ea42a6ccd69:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud425ac44aaf8b52df96c1ea42a6ccd69 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud425ac44aaf8b52df96c1ea42a6ccd69 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud425ac44aaf8b52df96c1ea42a6ccd69 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud425ac44aaf8b52df96c1ea42a6ccd69 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud425ac44aaf8b52df96c1ea42a6ccd69:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud425ac44aaf8b52df96c1ea42a6ccd69 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud425ac44aaf8b52df96c1ea42a6ccd69 .ud425ac44aaf8b52df96c1ea42a6ccd69-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud425ac44aaf8b52df96c1ea42a6ccd69:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Bacteria Classification By Gram Staining Essay.